指示代词用于指代或标识人、事物,表示“这个/些”或“那个/些”。它们可以指代具体或抽象的事物,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
📚 四大核心指示代词
初中阶段最核心的指示代词是 this, that, these, those。
代词 | 含义 | 指代 | 例句 |
|---|
this | 这个 | 近指(空间/时间/心理上) | This is my pen. (这是我的钢笔。) |
that | 那个 | 远指(空间/时间/心理上) | That is a book over there. (那边那本书。) |
these | 这些 | 近指(复数) | These are my books. (这些是我的书。) |
those | 那些 | 远指(复数) | Those are his friends. (那些是他的朋友。) |
注意:this和 these通常指空间或心理上较近的事物;that和 those则指较远的事物。
✍️ 四大句法功能
指示代词在句中可以充当多种成分。
作主语 (谓语动词需与代词单复数保持一致)
This is a cat. (这是一只猫。)
Those are my classmates. (那些是我的同学。)
作宾语
I like this better than that. (比起那个我更喜欢这个。)
Look at those. (看那些。)
作表语
My idea is this. (我的想法就是这个。)
Her plan is that. (她的计划是那样。)
作定语 (修饰名词,注意单复数)
This book is interesting. (这本书很有趣。)
I don’t like those shoes. (我不喜欢那双鞋。)
💡 核心用法与考点
1. 近指 vs. 远指
空间距离:this/these(近) vs. that/those(远)
This apple is red, but that one is green. (这个苹果是红的,但那个是绿的。)
时间距离:this/these(现在/近期) vs. that/those(过去/之前)
I learnt English these years. (这些年我一直在学英语。)
I read the book that evening. (那天晚上我读了那本书。)
2. 指代上下文
that/those:指代上文已提及的名词,避免重复。
The weather here is better than that in Beijing. (这里的天气比北京的天气好。that指代 weather)
The computers made in China are as good as those made in Germany. (中国产的电脑和德国产的一样好。those指代 computers)
this:引出下文将要说明的内容。
I want to say this: we must study hard. (我想说这一点:我们必须努力学习。)
3. 电话用语
打电话时,用 this指自己,用 that问对方。
A: Hello! This is Tom speaking. Is that Mary? (喂,我是汤姆。你是玛丽吗?)
B: This is Mary. (我是玛丽。)
4. 介绍他人
介绍身边的人用 this或 these;指代远处的人用 that或 those。
Mom, this is my teacher, Mr. Li. (妈妈,这是我的老师,李老师。)
That is my grandfather over there. (那边那是我爷爷。)
5. 在比较结构中的应用
在比较级中,为避免重复,常用 that指代单数可数名词或不可数名词,用 those指代复数可数名词。
The population of China is larger than that of Japan. (中国的人口比日本的多。that指代 population)
The cars in this shop are cheaper than those in that shop. (这家商店的车比那家商店的车便宜。those指代 cars)
6. 回答指示代词的问句
指人:答语可用相应指示代词或 he/she/they。
—Who’s that? —That’s / He’s my father. (那是谁?那是我爸爸。)
指物:答语通常用 it(单数) 或 they(复数)。
—What are those? —They are apples. (那些是什么?它们是苹果。)
🔍 其他指示代词
1. such (这样的)
作定语:such + (a/an) + 名词
He told us such an interesting story. (他给我们讲了一个这么有趣的故事。)
作主语/表语:
2. same (同样的)
常与定冠词 the连用,表示“同样的”。
作定语:We are in the same class. (我们在同一个班。)
作主语/表语:
The same is true of him. (他也是一样。)
3. so (这样,如此)
多作表语或宾语,常用于 I think so.或 So + 助动词 + 主语结构中。
—Is it true? —I think so. (—是真的吗?—我想是的。)
He is very kind, and so are you. (他很善良,你也是。)
⚠️ 易错点总结
主谓一致:this/that后接 is;these/those后接 are。
❌ These is a pen. → ✅ This is a pen.
比较结构:避免重复使用名词,应使用 that或 those指代。
❌ The weather here is better than the weather there. → ✅ ...than that there.
电话用语:介绍自己用 This is...,询问对方用 Is that...?。
❌ I am Tom. → ✅ This is Tom speaking.
作宾语指人:this/that作宾语时通常不单独指人,需加名词或使用 him/her/them。
❌ He is going to marry this. → ✅ He is going to marry this girl.
定语从句先行词:that/those可作先行词引导定语从句;this/these不可。
✅ He admired those who looked beautiful. (他欣赏那些看起来漂亮的人。)
❌ He admired this who danced well.