Lesson 55 From the earth: Greetings 来自地球的问候

课文原文:
Which life forms are most likely to develop on a distant planet?
在遥远的行星上,最有可能进化出哪种生命形式?
Recent developments in astronomy have made it possible to detect planets in our own Milky Way and in other galaxies.
天文学的最新发展使我们能够探测到银河系以及其他星系中的行星。
This is a major achievement because, in relative terms, planets are very small and do not emit light.
这是一项重大成就,因为相对而言,行星体积很小,而且自身不发光。
Finding planets is proving hard enough, but finding life on them will prove infinitely more difficult.
找到行星本身已经相当困难,但要在行星上找到生命,其难度更是难以想象。
The first question to answer is whether a planet can actually support life.
首先要回答的问题是:一颗行星是否真的能够维持生命。
In our own solar system, for example, Venus is far too hot and Mars is far too cold to support life.
例如,在我们的太阳系中,金星太热,而火星又太冷,都无法维持生命。
Only the Earth provides ideal conditions, and even here it has taken more than four billion years for plant and animal life to evolve.
只有地球提供了理想的条件,即便如此,地球上的动植物生命也花了四十多亿年才得以进化。
Whether a planet can support life depends on the size and brightness of its star, that is its'sun'.
一颗行星能否维持生命,取决于它所围绕的恒星(也就是它的 “太阳”)的大小和亮度。
Imagine a star up to twenty times larger, brighter and hotter than our own sun.
想象一颗比我们的太阳大、亮、热多达二十倍的恒星。
A planet would have to be a very long way from it to be capable of supporting life.
行星必须离它非常远,才有可能维持生命。
Alternatively, if the star were small, the life-supporting planet would have to have a close orbit round it and also provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop.
反之,如果恒星很小,那么维持生命的行星就必须离它很近,并且为生命形式的发展提供完美的条件。
But how would we find such a planet?
但我们要如何找到这样一颗行星呢?
At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life.
目前,还没有任何望远镜能够探测到生命的存在。
The development of such a telescope will be one of the great astronomical projects of the twenty-first century.
研发这样一台望远镜,将是 21 世纪重大的天文学项目之一。
It is impossible to look for life on another planet using earth-based telescopes.
使用地面望远镜寻找其他行星上的生命是不可能的。
Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope would make it impossible to detect objects as small as planets.
我们温暖的大气层和望远镜自身产生的热量,会让我们无法探测到像行星这么小的物体。
Even a telescope in orbit round the earth, like the very successful Hubble telescope, would not be suitable because of the dust particles in our solar system.
即使是像非常成功的哈勃望远镜那样的绕地轨道望远镜,也不适合,因为太阳系中存在尘埃粒子。
A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system.
望远镜必须放到像木星那么远的位置,才能在外太空寻找生命,因为越靠近太阳系的外缘,尘埃就越稀薄。
Once we detected a planet, we would have to find a way of blotting out the light from its star, so that we would be able to'see' the planet properly and analyse its atmosphere.
一旦我们探测到一颗行星,就必须找到一种方法遮挡住它恒星的光芒,这样我们才能清晰地 “看到” 这颗行星,并分析它的大气层。
In the first instance, we would be looking for plant life, rather than 'little green men'.
首先,我们要寻找的会是植物,而不是 “小绿人”。
The life forms most likely to develop on a planet would be bacteria.
行星上最有可能进化出的生命形式是细菌。
It is bacteria that have generated the oxygen we breathe on earth.
正是细菌制造了我们在地球上呼吸的氧气。
For most of the earth's history they have been the only form of life on our planet.
在地球历史的大部分时间里,细菌是我们星球上唯一的生命形式。
As Earth-dwellers, we always cherish the hope that we will be visited by little green men and that we will be able to communicate with them.
作为地球居民,我们一直怀着这样的希望:会有小绿人来拜访我们,并且我们能和他们交流。
But this hope is always in the realms of science fiction.
但这种希望永远只存在于科幻小说的领域里。
If we were able to discover lowly forms of life like bacteria on another planet, it would completely change our view of ourselves.
如果我们能在另一颗行星上发现像细菌这样的低等生命形式,这将彻底改变我们对自身的看法。
As Daniel Goldin of NASA observed, 'Finding life elsewhere would change everything. No human endeavour or thought would be unchanged by it.'
正如美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的丹尼尔・戈尔丁所说:“在别处发现生命将改变一切。人类的任何努力和思想都将因此而改变。”
课文分析:
1.Recent developments in astronomy have made it possible to detect planets in our own Milky Way and in other galaxies.
·句子类型:陈述句(主谓宾 + 形式宾语结构)
·核心结构:主语(Recent developments) + 谓语(have made) + 形式宾语(it) + 宾语补足语(possible) + 真正的宾语(to detect...)
·语法要点:
时态:现在完成时 have made,表示过去动作对现在的影响;
make it + adj. + to do sth. 经典结构:it 作形式宾语,替代真正的不定式宾语,避免句子头重脚轻;
in astronomy 后置修饰主语developments;
in our own Milky Way and in other galaxies 并列地点状语,修饰不定式动作detect。
·释义:天文学的最新发展使我们能够探测到银河系以及其他星系中的行星。
2.This is a major achievement because, in relative terms, planets are very small and do not emit light.
·句子类型:陈述句(含原因状语从句的复合句)
·核心结构:主句(This is a major achievement) + 原因状语从句(because... planets are very small and do not emit light)
·语法要点:
because 引导原因状语从句,解释主句的原因;
插入语 in relative terms(相对而言),前后用逗号隔开;
从句为并列句:planets are very small 和 planets do not emit light 用and连接;
emit light 为固定搭配(发光)。
·释义:这是一项重大成就,因为相对而言,行星体积很小,而且自身不发光。
3.Finding planets is proving hard enough, but finding life on them will prove infinitely more difficult.
·句子类型:陈述句(并列句,含动名词作主语)
·核心结构:分句1(Finding planets is proving hard enough) + 并列连词(but) + 分句2(finding life on them will prove infinitely more difficult)
·语法要点:
两个分句均以动名词短语作主语:Finding planets / finding life on them;
动词 prove 此处为系动词,意为 “证明是,结果是”,后接形容词作表语;
hard enough 表语,enough 修饰形容词时后置;
infinitely more difficult 为形容词比较级,infinitely 强化比较级的程度;
but 表转折关系。
·释义:找到行星本身已经相当困难,但要在行星上找到生命,其难度更是难以想象。
4.The first question to answer is whether a planet can actually support life.
·句子类型:陈述句(含表语从句的复合句)
·核心结构:主语(The first question) + 后置定语(to answer) + 系动词(is) + 表语从句(whether a planet can actually support life)
·语法要点:
不定式 to answer 作后置定语,修饰the first question(= the first question that we need to answer);
whether 引导表语从句,从句用陈述语序;
support life 固定搭配,意为 “维持生命,供养生命”。
·释义:首先要回答的问题是:一颗行星是否真的能够维持生命。
5.In our own solar system, for example, Venus is far too hot and Mars is far too cold to support life.
·句子类型:陈述句(并列句,含 too...to... 结构)
·核心结构:地点状语(In our own solar system) + 插入语(for example) + 分句1(Venus is far too hot) + 并列连词(and) + 分句2(Mars is far too cold to support life)
·语法要点:
for example 为插入语,前后用逗号隔开;
两个分句均为主语 + be动词 + far too + adj. + to do 结构;
too...to do sth. 固定结构,表示 “太……而不能做某事”;
far 修饰too,强化程度,意为 “远远地,极其”。
·释义:例如,在我们的太阳系中,金星太热,而火星又太冷,都无法维持生命。
6.Only the Earth provides ideal conditions, and even here it has taken more than four billion years for plant and animal life to evolve.
·句子类型:陈述句(并列句,含 it takes time for sb./sth. to do 结构)
·核心结构:分句1(Only the Earth provides ideal conditions) + 并列连词(and) + 分句2(it has taken more than four billion years for plant and animal life to evolve)
·语法要点:
分句 1 中,only 修饰主语the Earth,不倒装;
分句 2 为固定句型 it takes (time) for sth. to do sth.,表示 “某物花费…… 时间做某事”;
more than four billion years 表示 “四十多亿年”;
even here 为地点状语,指代 “在地球上”。
·释义:只有地球提供了理想的条件,即便如此,地球上的动植物生命也花了四十多亿年才得以进化。
7.Whether a planet can support life depends on the size and brightness of its star, that is its'sun'.
·句子类型:陈述句(含主语从句的复合句)
·核心结构:主语从句(Whether a planet can support life) + 谓语(depends on) + 宾语(the size and brightness of its star) + 插入语(that is its 'sun')
·语法要点:
whether 引导主语从句,从句用陈述语序;
固定搭配 depend on(取决于,依赖于);
插入语 that is(即,也就是),用来解释说明前面的its star;
of its star 后置修饰the size and brightness,表示所属关系。
·释义:一颗行星能否维持生命,取决于它所围绕的恒星(也就是它的 “太阳”)的大小和亮度。
8.Imagine a star up to twenty times larger, brighter and hotter than our own sun.
·句子类型:祈使句
·核心结构:动词原形(Imagine) + 宾语(a star) + 后置定语(up to twenty times larger, brighter and hotter than our own sun)
·语法要点:
祈使句以动词原形Imagine开头,表示指令;
倍数表达 twenty times + 形容词比较级 + than,表示 “是…… 的二十倍……”;
up to 表示 “多达,最高可达”;
larger, brighter and hotter 为并列的形容词比较级,修饰a star。
·释义:想象一颗比我们的太阳大、亮、热多达二十倍的恒星。
9.A planet would have to be a very long way from it to be capable of supporting life.
·句子类型:陈述句(虚拟语气,含不定式作目的状语)
·核心结构:主语(A planet) + 谓语(would have to be) + 表语(a very long way from it) + 目的状语(to be capable of supporting life)
·语法要点:
would have to 表示虚拟语气,意为 “将不得不”,用于假设场景;
be a long way from... 表示 “距离…… 很远”;
to be capable of doing sth. 固定搭配,意为 “有能力做某事”,此处作目的状语;
it 指代上一句的a star。
·释义:行星必须离它非常远,才有可能维持生命。
10.Alternatively, if the star were small, the life-supporting planet would have to have a close orbit round it and also provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop.
·句子类型:陈述句(虚拟条件复合句)
·核心结构:插入语(Alternatively) + 条件状语从句(if the star were small) + 主句(the life-supporting planet would have to have a close orbit round it and also provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop)
·语法要点:
Alternatively 为连接副词,表 “反之,或者”;
条件状语从句为虚拟语气(对现在 / 将来的虚拟):从句用were(无论主语单复数),主句用would have to do;
主句为并列谓语:have a close orbit round it 和 provide the perfect conditions...;
for life forms to develop 为不定式复合结构,作后置定语修饰conditions;
life-supporting 为复合形容词,意为 “维持生命的”。
·释义:反之,如果恒星很小,那么维持生命的行星就必须离它很近,并且为生命形式的发展提供完美的条件。
11.But how would we find such a planet?
·句子类型:特殊疑问句(虚拟语气)
·核心结构:并列连词(But) + 疑问词(how) + 助动词(would) + 主语(we) + 谓语(find) + 宾语(such a planet)
·语法要点:
would 表示虚拟语气,呼应上文的假设场景;
such a planet 指代上文提到的 “能维持生命的行星”;
特殊疑问句用疑问语序。
·释义:但我们要如何找到这样一颗行星呢?
12.At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life.
·句子类型:陈述句(there be 句型,含定语从句)
·核心结构:时间状语(At present) + there be句型(there is no telescope) + 后置定语(in existence) + 定语从句(that is capable of detecting the presence of life)
·语法要点:
At present 为时间状语,意为 “目前,现在”;
there be 句型表示 “存在有”;
in existence 为固定搭配,意为 “现存的,现有的”,后置修饰telescope;
that 引导定语从句,修饰先行词telescope,从句中用陈述语序;
be capable of doing sth. 固定搭配,意为 “有能力做某事”;
the presence of life意为 “生命的存在”。
·释义:目前,还没有任何望远镜能够探测到生命的存在。
13.The development of such a telescope will be one of the great astronomical projects of the twenty-first century.
·句子类型:陈述句(主谓表结构)
·核心结构:主语(The development of such a telescope) + 系动词(will be) + 表语(one of the great astronomical projects of the twenty-first century)
·语法要点:
时态:一般将来时 will be;
one of + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词结构,表示 “最……之一”;
of such a telescope 和 of the twenty-first century 均为后置定语,表所属关系;
astronomical projects 意为 “天文学项目”。
·释义:研发这样一台望远镜,将是 21 世纪重大的天文学项目之一。
14.It is impossible to look for life on another planet using earth-based telescopes.
·句子类型:陈述句(形式主语结构)
·核心结构:形式主语(It) + 系动词(is) + 表语(impossible) + 真正的主语(to look for life on another planet) + 方式状语(using earth-based telescopes)
·语法要点:
It is + adj. + to do sth. 经典形式主语结构,it 替代真正的不定式主语;
using earth-based telescopes 为现在分词短语作方式状语,意为 “使用地面望远镜”;
look for life 意为 “寻找生命”;
earth-based 为复合形容词,意为 “基于地球的,地面的”。
·释义:使用地面望远镜寻找其他行星上的生命是不可能的。
15.Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope would make it impossible to detect objects as small as planets.
·句子类型:陈述句(主谓宾 + 形式宾语结构,含过去分词作定语)
·核心结构:主语(Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope) + 谓语(would make) + 形式宾语(it) + 宾语补足语(impossible) + 真正的宾语(to detect objects as small as planets)
·语法要点:
主语为并列结构:Our own warm atmosphere 和 the heat generated by the telescope;
generated by the telescope 为过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰the heat(= the heat which is generated by the telescope);
would make 表示虚拟语气,呼应上文的假设;
make it + adj. + to do sth. 形式宾语结构;
as small as planets 为同级比较结构,修饰objects,意为 “和行星一样小的物体”。
·释义:我们温暖的大气层和望远镜自身产生的热量,会让我们无法探测到像行星这么小的物体。
16.Even a telescope in orbit round the earth, like the very successful Hubble telescope, would not be suitable because of the dust particles in our solar system.
·句子类型:陈述句(含原因状语的虚拟语气句子)
·核心结构:主语(Even a telescope in orbit round the earth) + 插入语(like the very successful Hubble telescope) + 谓语(would not be suitable) + 原因状语(because of the dust particles in our solar system)
·语法要点:
Even 修饰主语,表 “即使,甚至”;
in orbit round the earth 为介词短语作后置定语,修饰telescope;
like the very successful Hubble telescope 为插入语,举例说明;
because of + 名词短语表原因,区别于because + 句子;
would not be suitable 为虚拟语气,表示假设场景下的情况。
·释义:即使是像非常成功的哈勃望远镜那样的绕地轨道望远镜,也不适合,因为太阳系中存在尘埃粒子。
17.A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system.
·句子类型:陈述句(虚拟语气,含原因状语从句和 “the + 比较级,the + 比较级” 结构)
·核心结构:主句(A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space) +原因状语从句(because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system)
·语法要点:
主句为虚拟语气:would have to be;
as far away as... 同级比较结构,意为 “和……一样远”;
to look for life in outer space 为不定式作目的状语;
原因状语从句中,the further we travel..., the thinner the dust becomes 为the + 比较级, the + 比较级结构,表示 “越……,越……”,此处倒装了表语thinner;
the outer edges of our own solar system 意为 “太阳系的外缘”。
·释义:望远镜必须放到像木星那么远的位置,才能在外太空寻找生命,因为越靠近太阳系的外缘,尘埃就越稀薄。
18.Once we detected a planet, we would have to find a way of blotting out the light from its star, so that we would be able to'see' the planet properly and analyse its atmosphere.
·句子类型:陈述句(虚拟条件复合句,含目的状语从句)
·核心结构:条件状语从句(Once we detected a planet) + 主句(we would have to find a way of blotting out the light from its star) + 目的状语从句(so that we would be able to 'see' the planet properly and analyse its atmosphere)
·语法要点:
Once 引导条件状语从句,意为 “一旦”;
从句用一般过去时detected,主句用would have to,构成虚拟语气(对将来的假设);
find a way of doing sth. 固定搭配,意为 “找到做某事的方法”;
blot out 固定短语,意为 “遮挡,遮蔽”;
so that 引导目的状语从句,意为 “以便,为了”;
目的状语从句为并列谓语:'see' the planet properly 和 analyse its atmosphere。
·释义:一旦我们探测到一颗行星,就必须找到一种方法遮挡住它恒星的光芒,这样我们才能清晰地 “看到” 这颗行星,并分析它的大气层。
19.In the first instance, we would be looking for plant life, rather than 'little green men'.
·句子类型:陈述句(虚拟语气,含 rather than 结构)
·核心结构:状语(In the first instance) + 主语(we) + 谓语(would be looking for) + 宾语(plant life) + 并列状语(rather than 'little green men')
·语法要点:
In the first instance 固定短语,意为 “首先,起初”;
would be looking for为虚拟语气下的过去将来进行时,表示假设场景下的动作;
rather than 固定搭配,意为 “而不是”,后接名词 / 代词 / 动名词;
'little green men' 为科幻概念,意为 “小绿人,外星人”。
·释义:首先,我们要寻找的会是植物,而不是 “小绿人”。
20.The life forms most likely to develop on a planet would be bacteria.
·句子类型:陈述句(虚拟语气,含后置定语)
·核心结构:主语(The life forms most likely to develop on a planet) + 谓语(would be) + 表语(bacteria)
·语法要点:
most likely to develop on a planet 为形容词短语作后置定语,修饰The life forms(= the life forms that are most likely to develop on a planet);
be likely to do sth.固定搭配;
would be 为虚拟语气,呼应上文的假设场景;
bacteria 为复数名词(单数为bacterium)。
·释义:行星上最有可能进化出的生命形式是细菌。
21.It is bacteria that have generated the oxygen we breathe on earth.
·句子类型:陈述句(强调句,含定语从句)
·核心结构:强调句(It is bacteria that have generated the oxygen) + 定语从句(we breathe on earth)
·语法要点:
It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他部分为强调句型,此处强调主语bacteria;
时态:现在完成时 have generated,表示过去动作对现在的影响;
we breathe on earth 为省略关系代词that/which的定语从句,修饰the oxygen(= the oxygen that we breathe on earth);
generate the oxygen 意为 “产生氧气”。
·释义:正是细菌制造了我们在地球上呼吸的氧气。
22.For most of the earth's history they have been the only form of life on our planet.
·句子类型:陈述句(主谓表结构,现在完成时)
·核心结构:时间状语(For most of the earth's history) + 主语(they) + 谓语(have been) + 表语(the only form of life on our planet)
·语法要点:
For most of the earth's history 为时间状语,意为 “在地球历史的大部分时间里”;
时态:现在完成时 have been,表示从过去持续到现在的状态;
they 指代上一句的bacteria;
on our planet 为地点状语,修饰the only form of life。
·释义:在地球历史的大部分时间里,细菌是我们星球上唯一的生命形式。
23.As Earth-dwellers, we always cherish the hope that we will be visited by little green men and that we will be able to communicate with them.
·句子类型:陈述句(主谓宾结构,含同位语从句)
·核心结构:状语(As Earth-dwellers) + 主语(we) + 谓语(cherish) + 宾语(the hope) + 同位语从句1(that we will be visited by little green men) + 并列连词(and) + 同位语从句2(that we will be able to communicate with them)
·语法要点:
As Earth-dwellers 为介词短语作状语,意为 “作为地球居民”;
cherish the hope that... 固定搭配,that 引导同位语从句,解释说明the hope的内容;
两个that引导的同位语从句并列,均用一般将来时;
从句 1 为被动语态 will be visited by...;
be able to communicate with sb. 固定搭配,意为 “能够与某人交流”;
them 指代little green men。
·释义:作为地球居民,我们一直怀着这样的希望:会有小绿人来拜访我们,并且我们能和他们交流。
24.But this hope is always in the realms of science fiction.
·句子类型:陈述句(主谓表结构)
·核心结构:并列连词(But) + 主语(this hope) + 系动词(is) + 表语(in the realms of science fiction)
·语法要点:
But 表转折关系;
in the realms of... 固定搭配,意为 “在……的领域 / 范畴内”;
science fiction 意为 “科幻小说”。
·释义:但这种希望永远只存在于科幻小说的领域里。
25.If we were able to discover lowly forms of life like bacteria on another planet, it would completely change our view of ourselves.
·句子类型:陈述句(虚拟条件复合句)
·核心结构:条件状语从句(If we were able to discover lowly forms of life like bacteria on another planet) + 主句(it would completely change our view of ourselves)
·语法要点:
条件状语从句为虚拟语气(对现在 / 将来的虚拟):从句用were,主句用would + 动词原形;
be able to do sth. 表示 “能够做某事”;
lowly forms of life 意为 “低等生命形式”;
like bacteria 为举例说明;
our view of ourselves 意为 “我们对自身的看法 / 认知”。
·释义:如果我们能在另一颗行星上发现像细菌这样的低等生命形式,这将彻底改变我们对自身的看法。
26.As Daniel Goldin of NASA observed, 'Finding life elsewhere would change everything. No human endeavor or thought would be unchanged by it.'
·句子类型:陈述句(直接引语,含非限制性定语从句)
·核心结构:状语从句(As Daniel Goldin of NASA observed) + 直接引语(Finding life elsewhere would change everything. No human endeavor or thought would be unchanged by it.)
·语法要点:
As sb. observed 固定搭配,意为 “正如某人所说 / 观察到的”,as 引导非限制性定语从句,修饰后面的整个引语内容;
引语第一句:动名词短语Finding life elsewhere 作主语,虚拟语气would change;
引语第二句:被动语态would be unchanged by it,it 指代Finding life elsewhere这件事;
human endeavour 意为 “人类的努力 / 事业”。
·释义:正如美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的丹尼尔・戈尔丁所说:“在别处发现生命将改变一切。人类的任何努力和思想都将因此而改变。”
词汇分析:
一、核心必考词汇
1.astronomy /əˈstrɒnəmi/n. 天文学
2.galaxy /ˈɡæləksi/n. 星系;银河系
3.emit /ɪˈmɪt/vt. 发出(光、热、气体);散发
4.infinitely /ˈɪnfɪnətli/adv. 无限地;极其
5.support /səˈpɔːt/vt. 维持(生命);支持;供养
6.solar /ˈsəʊlə(r)/adj. 太阳的;太阳系的
7.evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/vi.&vt. 进化;演变;逐步发展
8.brightness /ˈbraɪtnəs/n. 亮度;明亮
9.orbit /ˈɔːbɪt/n. 轨道 vt. 沿轨道运行
10.capable /ˈkeɪpəbl/adj. 有能力的;能…… 的
11.telescope /ˈtelɪskəʊp/n. 望远镜
12.astronomical /ˌæstrəˈnɒmɪkl/adj. 天文学的;天文的
13.atmosphere /ˈætməsfɪə(r)/n. 大气层;大气;氛围
14.particle /ˈpɑːtɪkl/n. 微粒;颗粒;粒子
15.detect /dɪˈtekt/vt. 探测;察觉;发现
16.blot /blɒt/vt. 遮蔽;遮盖;抹去
17.analyse /ˈænəlaɪz/vt. 分析;分解
18.bacteria /bækˈtɪəriə/n. 细菌(复数;单数 bacterium)
19.generate /ˈdʒenəreɪt/vt. 产生;生成;创造
20.dwellers /ˈdweləz/n. 居民;居住者
21.cherish /ˈtʃerɪʃ/vt. 怀有(希望);珍惜;珍爱
22.realm /relm/n. 领域;范围;王国
23.lowly /ˈləʊli/adj. 低级的;卑微的;普通的
24.endeavour /ɪnˈdevə(r)/n. 努力;事业 vi. 尽力
二、高级固定搭配
1.make it possible to do sth.
含义:使做某事成为可能
语法:it 作形式宾语,真正宾语为后面不定式
课文原句:Recent developments... have made it possible to detect planets.
仿写:Modern technology makes it possible to explore deep space.
2.in relative terms
含义:相对而言;从相对角度来说
用法:插入语,句中作状语,前后加逗号
语境:用于对比、客观评述事物特征
3.be likely to do sth.
含义:有可能做某事
升级:most likely to do 最有可能做
课文原句:life forms are most likely to develop on a distant planet
4.depend on
含义:取决于;依赖;依靠
课文原句:Whether a planet can support life depends on the size...
5.up to + 数字
含义:多达;高达;最高可达
课文原句:up to twenty times larger
6.be capable of doing sth.
含义:有能力做某事;能够做某事
同义替换:be able to do /have the ability to do
7.in existence
含义:现存的;现有的;存在着的
课文原句:no telescope in existence
8.one of + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词
含义:最…… 之一
高分写作万能结构
9.earth-based telescopes
含义:地面望远镜
构词:名词 + based 构成复合形容词:xx-based 以…… 为基础的
10.blot out
含义:遮蔽;遮挡;掩盖(光线、声音、痕迹)
课文语境:blot out the light from its star 遮挡恒星光芒
11.in the first instance
含义:首先;起初;第一点
写作替代:firstly /to begin with 更书面高级
12.rather than
含义:而不是
用法:连接并列名词 / 短语 / 句子,表取舍
13.It is...that... 强调句型
含义:正是……
课文原句:It is bacteria that have generated the oxygen...
14.in the realms of
含义:在…… 领域 / 范畴之内
课文原句:in the realms of science fiction 在科幻范畴里
15.cherish the hope that...
含义:心怀…… 的希望
同位语从句结构,写作高分句式
三、拓展高频搭配
1. 天文宇宙类拓展搭配
·distant planet 遥远行星
·Milky Way 银河系
·outer space 外太空
·solar system 太阳系
·outer edges 外缘;边缘区域
·life-supporting conditions 维持生命的条件
·atmosphere composition 大气成分
·detect signs of life 探测生命迹象
·evolve into 进化成
·generate energy 产生能量
2. 形容词高级搭配
·ideal conditions 理想条件
·major achievement 重大成就
·infinitely difficult 极其困难
·perfect conditions 完美条件
·lowly forms of life 低等生命形式
·astronomical project 天文工程
3. 动词高频词组
·look for life 寻找生命
·analyse the atmosphere 分析大气层
·support life 维系生命
·travel towards 朝…… 行进
·change our view of... 改变我们对…… 的认知
·communicate with 与…… 交流
4. 议论文写作万能搭配
·at present 目前
·for example 例如
·as a result 因此
·in theory 在理论上
·in practice 在实际中
·observe from... 从…… 观察得出
·have a profound impact on 对……产生深远影响
四、重点词汇用法
1.emit
固定:emit light/heat/smell 发光 / 发热 / 散发气味
派生:emission n. 排放;散发
2.evolve
搭配:evolve from 从……进化而来;evolve into 演变成
3.detect
辨析:detect 科学探测、察觉细微变化;find 普通寻找发现
4.capable
固定搭配:capable of doing(正确);不能说 capable to do
5.bacteria
语法:本身是复数,谓语用复数;单数 bacterium 极少用
6.would 虚拟语气用法
课文大量用 would + 动词原形,表假设、推测、假想场景,科普说明文高频语法。
长难句分析:
长难句 1
原句
Recent developments in astronomy have made it possible to detect planets in our own Milky Way and in other galaxies.
语法结构
主语:Recent developments in astronomy
谓语:have made
形式宾语:it
宾补:possible
真正宾语:to detect planets...
核心考点
1.make it + adj. + to do sth.经典形式宾语结构;
2.现在完成时have made;
3.后置定语in astronomy / in our own Milky Way。
注意要点
·it 只是形式宾语,不能翻译;真正宾语是后面不定式;
·不要写成 make possible to do,必须加 it;
·多个地点介词短语并列,层层后置修饰,读句子要先抓主干,再看修饰。
句意
天文学的最新发展,让我们能够探测到银河系以及其他星系中的行星。
长难句 2
原句
This is a major achievement because, in relative terms, planets are very small and do not emit light.
语法结构
主句:This is a major achievement
原因状语从句:because...planets are very small and do not emit light
插入语:in relative terms
核心考点
1.because 引导原因状语从句;
2.插入语前后必须逗号隔开,不影响主干;
3.从句内部and 并列两个谓语:are / do not emit。
注意要点
·看到中间被逗号隔开的短语,先跳过插入语找从句主干;
·emit 是及物动词,直接接宾语,不加介词;
·写作可套用:..., in relative terms, ...表 “相对而言”。
句意
这是一项重大成就,因为相对来说,行星体积很小且自身不发光。
长难句 3
原句
Whether a planet can support life depends on the size and brightness of its star, that is its 'sun'.
语法结构
主语从句:Whether a planet can support life
谓语:depends on
宾语:the size and brightness of its star
插入解释语:that is its'sun'
核心考点
1.Whether 引导主语从句,整个从句作句子主语;
2.depend on固定短语作谓语;
3.that is 作插入语 = 也就是、即。
注意要点
·主语从句必须用陈述语序,不能用疑问语序;
·主语从句作主语,谓语动词用单数形式;
·that is 不是定语从句,只是补充解释。
句意
一颗行星是否能维持生命,取决于它所环绕的恒星,也就是它的 “太阳” 的大小和亮度。
长难句 4
原句
Alternatively, if the star were small, the life-supporting planet would have to have a close orbit round it and also provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop.
语法结构
插入语:Alternatively
虚拟条件从句:if the star were small
主句:the life-supporting planet would have to have... and provide...
不定式复合结构:for life forms to develop 修饰 conditions
核心考点
1.if 引导虚拟语气(与现在 / 将来事实相反):
从句用 were,主句用 would do;
2.主句并列谓语:have a close orbit 和 provide the perfect conditions;
3.for + 名词 + to do不定式复合结构作后置定语。
注意要点
·虚拟语气中,if 从句主语是单数也统一用were,不用 was;
·life-supporting 是合成形容词作前置定语;
·长句拆分技巧:先划掉插入语,再拆分从句和主句。
句意
反之,如果恒星体积很小,适宜生命存在的行星就必须近距离绕其运行,同时为生命演化提供绝佳条件。
长难句 5
原句
At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life.
语法结构
there be 主句:there is no telescope
后置定语:in existence
定语从句:that is capable of detecting the presence of life 修饰 telescope
核心考点
1.there be 句型 + 定语从句嵌套;
2.in existence 固定短语作后置定语;
3.be capable of doing 固定搭配。
注意要点
·定语从句先行词是telescope,that 在从句中作主语;
·介词短语 in existence 后置修饰名词,不要放前面;
·区分:be capable of doing ✔️ /capable to do ❌。
句意
目前,还没有任何现存的望远镜能够探测到生命的存在。
长难句 6
原句
Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope would make it impossible to detect objects as small as planets.
语法结构
并列主语:Our own warm atmosphere and the heat
分词后置定语:generated by the telescope 修饰 the heat
谓语:would make
形式宾语:it
宾补:impossible
真正宾语:to detect objects
同级比较后置定语:as small as planets 修饰 objects
核心考点
1.过去分词 generated 作后置定语,表被动;
2.再次出现make it + adj. + to do形式宾语;
3.as + adj. + as同级比较作后置定语。
注意要点
·看到逗号之间、名词后的过去分词,默认是被动修饰;
·长并列主语要找到真正谓语,避免读串;
·as small as planets 后置修饰 objects,翻译要前置。
句意
地球温暖的大气层以及望远镜自身产生的热量,使得我们无法探测到像行星那样微小的天体。
长难句 7
原句
A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar system.
语法结构
主句:A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter
目的状语:to look for life in outer space
原因状语从句:because the dust becomes thinner
the + 比较级...the + 比较级嵌套:the further we travel...
核心考点
1.as...as 同级比较;
2.不定式作目的状语;
3.the + 比较级,the + 比较级越……越…… 特殊语序。
注意要点
·“the + 比较级” 结构可以拆分前后,不用死板按顺序直译;
·整句多层嵌套:主句 + 目的状语 + 原因从句 + 比较级结构,阅读要分层断句;
·would 通篇表假设、推测,是科普文典型用法。
句意
望远镜必须放置到木星那样遥远的位置才能在外太空寻找生命,因为我们越往太阳系外缘行进,宇宙尘埃就越稀薄。
长难句 8
原句
It is bacteria that have generated the oxygen we breathe on earth.
语法结构
强调句型:It is + 被强调部分 (bacteria) + that...
定语从句:we breathe on earth 省略关系代词,修饰 the oxygen
核心考点
1.It is...that... 强调句;
2.定语从句省略 that/which;
3.现在完成时 have generated。
注意要点
·强调句去掉 It is/that 后,句子结构完整、意思不变;
·定语从句中关系代词作宾语可省略,是高频考点;
·写作万能句型:It is ... that ... 可直接套用。
句意
正是细菌制造出了我们在地球上所呼吸的氧气。
长难句 9
原句
As Earth-dwellers, we always cherish the hope that we will be visited by little green men and that we will be able to communicate with them.
语法结构
状语:As Earth-dwellers
主句:we always cherish the hope
两个并列同位语从句:
that we will be visited...
and that we will be able to communicate...
核心考点
1.that 引导同位语从句,解释说明 hope;
2.两个同位语从句并列共用 the hope;
3.从句含被动语态 will be visited。
注意要点
·同位语从句 that 不充当成分、不能省略;
·并列同位语从句第二个 that 不可省略;
·区分:定语从句 that 作成分,同位语从句 that 不作成分。
句意
作为地球居民,我们一直抱有这样一种希望:外星人会造访地球,并且我们能够与他们交流。
句型分析:
句式 1
课文原句
Recent developments in astronomy have made it possible to detect planets in our own Milky Way and in other galaxies.
句型骨架
Recent developments in + 领域 + have made it possible to + 做某事 + 拓展范围
关键词替换套用
Recent developments in online education have made it possible to learn professional knowledge anytime and anywhere.
仿写句翻译
在线教育的最新发展,使人们随时随地学习专业知识成为可能。
句式 2
课文原句
Whether a planet can support life depends on the size and brightness of its star.
句型骨架
Whether + 某事能否发生 / 成立 + depends on + 核心因素 A and 核心因素 B
关键词替换套用
Whether young people can achieve success depends on their perseverance and self-discipline.
仿写句翻译
年轻人能否取得成功,取决于他们的毅力与自律。
句式 3
课文原句
It is bacteria that have generated the oxygen we breathe on earth.
句型骨架
It is + 核心事物 + that + 产生 / 造就 / 决定 + 关键结果
关键词替换套用
It is persistent efforts that lay a solid foundation for our future success.
仿写句翻译
正是持之以恒的努力,为我们未来的成功奠定了坚实基础。
句式 4
课文原句
In the first instance, we would be looking for plant life, rather than "little green men".
句型骨架
In the first instance, we should focus on + 务实目标 + rather than + 不切实际的空想
关键词替换套用
In the first instance, we should focus on practical skills rather than empty theoretical knowledge.
仿写句翻译
首先,我们应注重实用技能,而非空洞的理论知识。
句式 5
课文原句
If we were able to discover lowly forms of life like bacteria on another planet, it would completely change our view of ourselves.
句型骨架
If we were able to +做出某重大发现 / 采取某行动,it would completely change our view of + 人生 / 社会 / 事物
关键词替换套用
If we were able to balance study and leisure properly, it would completely change our view of a healthy lifestyle.
仿写句翻译
如果我们能够合理平衡学习与休闲,这将彻底改变我们对健康生活方式的认知。