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学习笔记:《损害责任公约》(1972)

  • 2026-01-15 22:58:36
学习笔记:《损害责任公约》(1972)
01
概念
明确空间物体损害赔偿规则，地球表面/飞行中飞机损害适用“绝对责任”，外层空间损害适用“过失责任”。
02
核心条款  法条原文
  1. Article II: A launching State shall be absolutely liable to pay compensation for damage caused by its space object on the surface of the Earth or to aircraft in flight.
  2. Article III: In the case of damage caused elsewhere than on the surface of the Earth to a space object of another launching State or to persons or property on board such a space object, the launching State shall be liable only if the damage is due to its fault or the fault of persons for whom it is responsible.
03
核心条款  中文翻译
第二条：发射国对其空间物体在地球表面，或给飞行中的飞机造成的损害，应负赔偿的绝对责任。
第三条：发射国的空间物体在地球表面以外的其他地方，对另一发射国的空间物体，或对该另一发射国空间物体上的人员或财产造成损害时，发射国仅在损害是因本国的过失或其负责人员的过失造成的情况下，才应负赔偿责任。
04
国内法衔接要点
  • 中国：商业航天发射实践中，要求发射主体投保第三方责任险，保额根据任务风险确定，通过保险机制落实《损害责任公约》的赔偿义务；《民法典》侵权责任编为空间物体地面损害赔偿提供国内救济依据。
  • 美国：《商业航天发射法案》要求商业发射运营商提供财务担保（保险或保证金），以覆盖可能的损害赔偿，联邦航空管理局（FAA）明确担保额度的计算标准，直接对接公约的责任要求。
  • 俄罗斯：《联邦航天活动法》规定，航天活动主体需建立损害赔偿准备金，政府对非政府实体的外空活动损害承担补充责任，确保公约义务的国内履行。
05
法律风险
“发射国”界定复杂（多主体联合发射）；碎片连锁碰撞因果链难举证；赔偿执行缺乏强制机制。
06
风险应对
发射前投保足额第三方责任险；建立在轨碰撞预警与应急处置机制；加入空间责任基金或区域性赔偿安排。
  《损害责任公约》1972年生效；中国《民法典》2021年实施；美国《商业航天发射法案》2004年颁布并多次修订；俄罗斯《联邦航天活动法》1996年修订。
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  139. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/no.67808.cn/runtime/temp/6df755f970a38e704c5414acbc6e8bcd.php ( 12.06 KB )
  140. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/no.67808.cn/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000842s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=no_67808;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001295s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000502s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000455s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001075s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000374s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001108s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 460490 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000947s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1768496666 WHERE `id` = 460490 [ RunTime:0.028204s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000702s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 460490 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001820s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 460490 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000755s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 460490 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.002210s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 460490 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.006450s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 460490 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.001409s ]
0.178234s