Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry
课文：
1.Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.
·句子类型：简单句（一般现在时主动语态）
·核心结构：主语 (Two factors) + 谓语 (weigh heavily against) + 宾语 (the effectiveness...)
·语法要点：
①主语 Two factors 为复数名词短语，对应谓语动词 weigh 用原形；
②固定搭配 weigh against 表示 “对…… 不利、妨碍”，heavily 为副词作状语，修饰动词短语 weigh against，表程度；
③宾语 the effectiveness 后接多层后置定语：of scientific research（介词短语，修饰 effectiveness）→ in industry（介词短语，修饰 research），层层限定；
·释义：有两个因素严重妨碍了工业领域科研的有效性。
2.One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.
·句子类型：并列复合句（由逗号连接两个分句，第二个分句为省略结构）
·核心结构：
分句 1：主语 (One) + 系动词 (is) + 表语 (the general atmosphere...) + 定语从句 (in which it is carried out)
分句 2：主语 (the other) + 省略的系动词 (is) + 表语 (the lack of freedom...)
·语法要点：
①并列结构 One..., the other... 对应前文 Two factors，第二个分句省略了与前句相同的系动词 is，避免重复；
②定语从句 in which it is carried out 修饰先行词 atmosphere of secrecy，in which 等价于 where，在从句中作地点状语；从句主语 it 指代前文的 scientific research，谓语 is carried out 为一般现在时被动语态；
③表语部分多层后置定语：of secrecy（修饰 atmosphere）、of freedom（修饰 lack）、of the individual research worker（修饰 freedom）；
·释义：一个是科研开展时普遍存在的保密氛围，另一个是科研人员个人缺乏自由。
3.In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.
·句子类型：复合句（原因 / 条件状语从句 + 主句）
·核心结构：状语从句 (In so far as...) + 主句 (主语 it + 谓语 limits + 宾语 all those... + 宾补 / 状语 from effective contact...)
·语法要点：
①引导词 In so far as 意为 “就…… 而言、在…… 范围内”，引导状语从句；从句主语 any inquiry（指代科研），系动词 is，表语 a secret one（one 指代 inquiry）；
②主句主语 it 指代从句内容（“任何科研都是保密的” 这件事），谓语 limits，宾语 all those；engaged in carrying it out 为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 those，it 同样指代 inquiry；
③固定搭配 limit sb. from doing sth. / limit sb. from sth. 表示 “限制某人做某事 / 限制某人接触某事”，effective contact with... 为介词短语作宾语补足语；
④并列选择结构 either...or...or even... 修饰 fellow scientists，限定其范围：in other countries / in universities / in other departments of the same firm；often enough 为插入语，表频率；
·释义：就任何一项科研都属于保密内容而言，这自然会限制所有参与科研的人员，使其无法与其他科学家进行有效交流—— 这些科学家可能在其他国家、大学，甚至往往在同一家公司的其他部门。
4.The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.
·句子类型：简单句（一般现在时主动语态）
·核心结构：主语 (The degree of secrecy) + 谓语 (varies)
·语法要点：
①主语 The degree of secrecy 为抽象名词短语，of secrecy 作后置定语修饰 degree；
② naturally、considerably 均为副词作状语，修饰谓语动词 varies，分别表 “自然地” 和 “程度大地、显著地”；
·释义：保密的程度自然存在很大差异。
5.Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.
·句子类型：复合句（定语从句 + 结果状语从句）
·核心结构：主语 (Some of the bigger firms) + 谓语 (are engaged in) + 宾语 (researches) + 定语从句 (which are...) + 结果状语从句 (that it is...)
·语法要点：
①固定搭配 be engaged in 表示 “从事、忙于”，为一般现在时被动语态；
②定语从句 which are of such general and fundamental nature 修饰先行词 researches，which 在从句中作主语；be of + 抽象名词 结构等价于 be + 形容词，即 be of nature = be natural，此处 general and fundamental nature 表 “普遍且基础的属性”；
③ such...that... 引导结果状语从句，such 修饰名词短语 general and fundamental nature，that 引导结果；
④结果状语从句中，it 为形式主语，真正主语为不定式短语 not to keep them secret（them 指代 researches），a positive advantage 为表语；
·释义：一些大型企业从事的研究具有普遍性和基础性，因此对它们而言，不保密反而是一种明显的优势。
6.Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.
·句子类型：复合句（被动语态主句 + 定语从句）
·核心结构：主语 (a great many processes...) + 谓语 (are sought for) + 状语 (with complete secrecy) + 时间状语 (until the stage...) + 定语从句 (at which...)
·语法要点：
① depending on such research 为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 processes，表主动关系（工艺依赖研究）；
②谓语 are sought for 为一般现在时被动语态，sought for 是 seek for 的过去分词，表 “被探索、被研发”；with complete secrecy 为介词短语作方式状语，修饰谓语；
③ until the stage 为时间状语，at which patents can be taken out 为定语从句，修饰先行词 stage，at which 等价于 when，在从句中作时间状语；can be taken out 为含情态动词的被动语态，take out patents 为固定搭配，表 “申请专利”；
·释义：然而，大量依赖这类研究的工艺，在可以申请专利之前，都处于完全保密的状态下被研发。
7.Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes.
·句子类型：简单句（一般现在时被动语态，并列谓语）
·核心结构：主语 (Even more processes) + 并列谓语 (are never patented... but kept...)
·语法要点：
①并列结构 not...but... 连接两个被动语态的谓语：are never patented 和 (are) kept，第二个谓语省略了与前句相同的 are；
② patented 为动词 patent 的过去分词，表 “被授予专利”；at all 为副词短语，用于否定句中加强语气，表 “根本、完全”；
③ as secret processes 为介词短语作主语补足语，补充说明 processes 的状态；
·释义：甚至有更多的工艺根本不申请专利，而是作为保密工艺被保留下来。
8.This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 非限制性定语从句）
·核心结构：主语 (This) + 谓语 (applies to) + 宾语 (chemical industries) + 非限制性定语从句 (where...)
·语法要点：
①固定搭配 apply to 表示 “适用于”，particularly 为副词作状语，修饰谓语；This 指代前文 “工艺不申请专利、保持保密” 的现象；
②非限制性定语从句 where chance discoveries play a much larger part... 修饰先行词 chemical industries，where 等价于 in which，在从句中作地点状语；
③从句中 play a part 为固定搭配，表 “起作用”，much larger 为形容词比较级，修饰 part；than they do 引导比较状语从句，they 指代 chance discoveries，do 指代 play a part，避免重复；
·释义：这一点尤其适用于化工行业，在该行业中，偶然发现所起的作用，要比在物理和机械行业中大得多。
9.Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.
·句子类型：复合句（结果状语从句）
·核心结构：主语 (the secrecy) + 谓语 (goes to) + 宾语 (such an extent) + 结果状语从句 (that...)
·语法要点：
①固定结构 go to such an extent that... 表示 “达到如此程度以至于……”，such...that... 引导结果状语从句；
② Sometimes 为时间状语，修饰主句；
③结果状语从句中，cannot be mentioned 为含情态动词的被动语态，表 “不能被提及”；the whole nature of the research 为从句主语，of the research 作后置定语修饰 nature；
·释义：有时保密会达到如此极端的程度，以至于研究的整个性质都不能被提及。
10.Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.
·句子类型：复合句（原因状语从句 + 目的 / 原因状语从句 + 定语从句）
·核心结构：主句 (Many firms...have great difficulty...) + 原因状语从句 (because...) + 原因状语从句 (for fear...) + 定语从句 (they are likely...)
·语法要点：
①主句中，for instance 为插入语，表举例；固定搭配 have difficulty in doing sth. 表示 “做某事有困难”，obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries 为动名词短语作介词 in 的宾语；
② because 引导原因状语从句，解释主句 “借书有困难” 的原因；从句中 be unwilling to do sth. 表 “不愿意做某事”，have names entered 为 have + 宾语 + 过去分词 结构，表 “使名字被登记”，as having taken out such and such a book 为介词短语作补足语，such and such 表 “某某、某个”；
③ for fear (that) 引导原因 / 目的状语从句，表 “生怕、唯恐”，从句常用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形，should 可省略），此处 should be able to 符合虚拟语气用法；
④ the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking 中，they are likely to be undertaking 为定语从句，修饰先行词 research，省略了关系代词 that/which；be likely to do sth. 表 “可能做某事”，undertake research 为固定搭配，表 “开展研究”；
·释义：例如，许多企业很难从图书馆借阅技术或科学书籍，因为它们不愿意让自己的名字被登记为借阅了某本书，生怕其他公司的探子会据此追踪到它们可能正在开展的研究类型。
词汇：
一、核心词汇
1. secrecy /ˈsiːkrəsi/n. 保密；秘密状态
·含义：刻意不对外公开的状态
·课文语境：secrecy in industry 工业保密
·派生词：secret adj. 秘密的；secrete v. 隐藏，藏匿
2. effectiveness /ɪˈfektɪvnəs/n. 有效性，成效
·近义：efficiency 效率
·反义：ineffectiveness 无效
3. inquiry /ɪnˈkwaɪəri/n. 探究；调查；研究
·近义：research, investigation
·课文：any inquiry 任何研究工作
4. engage /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ/v. 从事；参与；聘用
·课文：be engaged in researches 从事研究
·派生词：engagement n. 参与，约定
5. process /ˈprəʊses/n. 工艺；过程；流程
·课文：secret processes 保密工艺
6. patent /ˈpeɪtnt/n. 专利 v. 申请专利
·课文：take out patents 申请专利
7. fundamental /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/adj. 根本的，基础的
·近义：basic, essential
·课文：fundamental nature 根本性质
8. undertake /ˌʌndəˈteɪk/v. 承担；从事；着手
·课文：research they are undertaking 他们正在开展的研究
·过去式：undertook；过去分词：undertaken
9. trace /treɪs/v. 追踪；追溯 n. 痕迹
·课文：trace the kind of research 追踪研究类型
10. agent /ˈeɪdʒənt/n. 代理人；密探；特工
·课文：agents of other firms 其他公司的探子 / 情报人员
11. mechanical /məˈkænɪkl/adj. 机械的；力学的
·课文：mechanical industries 机械工业
12. obtain /əbˈteɪn/v. 获得，取得
·正式用词，比 get 高级
二、高级固定搭配
1. weigh heavily against
·含义：严重不利于；对…… 构成重大阻碍
·课文：Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness…
·写作万能句：X weighs heavily against Y.
2. in so far as
·含义：就…… 而言；在…… 程度上
·课文：In so far as any inquiry is a secret one…
·高级替换：to the extent that
3. be engaged in (doing) sth
·含义：从事，忙于（正式）
·课文：firms are engaged in researches
4. limit sb from sth / doing sth
·含义：限制某人……；使某人无法……
·课文：limits all those… from effective contact
5. effective contact with
·含义：与…… 的有效交流 / 接触
·学术写作高频
6. vary considerably
·含义：差异很大；相差悬殊
·课文：The degree of secrecy… varies considerably.
7. be of + 抽象名词
·含义：具有…… 性质 / 特点（高级表达）
·课文：are of such general and fundamental nature
·同义：are very general and fundamental
8. seek for sth
·含义：探索，寻求，研发
·课文：processes… are sought for with secrecy
9. with complete secrecy
·含义：在完全保密的情况下
10. take out patents
·含义：申请专利
·固定商务 / 学术表达
11. apply particularly to
·含义：尤其适用于
12. play a large part in
·含义：在…… 中起重要作用
·课文：chance discoveries play a much larger part
13. go to such an extent that
·含义：达到如此程度以至于……
·高级因果句型
14. have difficulty (in) doing sth
·含义：做某事有困难
·课文：have great difficulty in obtaining books
15. for fear (that)
·含义：生怕，唯恐（后接虚拟或陈述）
·课文：for fear the agents… should be able to…
16. be likely to be doing
·含义：很可能正在做……
·高级进行体表达
三、拓展高频搭配
1. 研究 / 科研类
·scientific research 科学研究
·fundamental research 基础研究
·research worker 科研人员
·carry out research 开展研究
·undertake research 从事研究
·engage in research 参与研究
·the nature of research 研究性质
·the stage of research 研究阶段
2. 保密 / 机密类
·atmosphere of secrecy 保密氛围
·degree of secrecy 保密程度
·secret process 保密工艺
·keep sth secret 对…… 保密
·maintain secrecy 保持保密
·ensure secrecy 确保保密
·top secrecy 绝密
3. 限制 / 阻碍类
·limit contact 限制接触
·restrict communication 限制交流
·hinder development 阻碍发展
·impede progress 妨碍进展
·act as an obstacle to 成为…… 的障碍
4. 工业 / 产业类
·chemical industries 化工行业
·mechanical industries 机械工业
·manufacturing process 生产工艺
·industrial process 工业流程
·bigger firms 大型企业
·rival firms 竞争公司
5. 发现 / 创新类
·chance discoveries 偶然发现
·accidental findings 意外发现
·make a discovery 做出发现
·play a part in 在…… 起作用
·play an important role 发挥重要作用
6. 申请 / 法律类
·apply for a patent 申请专利
·patent protection 专利保护
·patent application 专利申请
·take out a license 取得许可证
7. 获取 / 资源类
·obtain information 获取信息
·obtain data 获取数据
·obtain access to 获得…… 的权限
·gain knowledge 获取知识
8. 追踪 / 调查类
·trace the origin 追溯源头
·trace development 追踪发展
·trace activities 追踪活动
·investigate research 调查研究
9. 程度 / 范围类
·to a considerable extent 在很大程度上
·to some extent 在某种程度上
·to a certain degree 在一定程度上
·go to extremes 走向极端
10. 意愿 / 态度类
·be unwilling to do 不愿意做
·be reluctant to do 不情愿做
·be willing to do 愿意做
·for fear of doing 生怕做某事
句型：
1. 表 “两大因素严重影响某事”
原句
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.
可套用句型
Two factors weigh heavily against the + 名词 of + 领域 / 主题.
仿写例句
Two factors weigh heavily against the quality of education in remote rural areas.
翻译：有两个因素严重制约着偏远农村地区的教育质量。
2. 表 “就…… 而言，这自然会限制……”
原句
In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists.
可套用句型
In so far as + 情况, it naturally limits + 人群 from + 行动.
仿写例句
In so far as online information is unreliable, it naturally limits students from forming correct judgments.
翻译：就网络信息不可靠这一点而言，它自然会限制学生形成正确的判断。
3. 表 “如此…… 以至于对某人来说做某事反而有利”
原句
Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.
可套用句型
... are of such + 性质 that it is a clear advantage to + 某人 to + 做法.
仿写例句
Public health policies are of such great importance that it is a clear advantage to the whole society to carry them out strictly.
翻译：公共卫生政策至关重要，严格执行它们对整个社会来说显然是一大优势。
4. 表 “达到如此程度以至于…… 都无法……”
原句
Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.
可套用句型
Sometimes + 问题 goes to such an extent that + 结果 cannot be + 动词过去分词.
仿写例句
Sometimes air pollution goes to such an extent that people’s daily lives cannot be properly guaranteed.
翻译：有时空气污染严重到如此程度，以至于人们的日常生活都无法得到妥善保障。
5. 表 “做某事有困难，因为不愿……，生怕……”
原句
Many firms have great difficulty in obtaining technical books because they are unwilling to have their names entered, for fear other firms should trace their research.
可套用句型
Many + 主体 have great difficulty in + 行动 because they are unwilling to + 做法, for fear + 不良后果.
仿写例句
Many students have great difficulty in asking questions in class because they are unwilling to look stupid, for fear their classmates should laugh at them.
翻译：许多学生在课堂上提问很困难，因为他们不愿显得愚笨，生怕被同学嘲笑。
