新概念四册学习笔记(第25课)

Lesson 25 Non‑auditory effects of noise

课文：

1. Many people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time; they are not prepared even to admit the possibility that noise affects people.

·句子类型：并列复合句（分号连接两个分句；含定语从句、同位语从句）

·核心结构：

分句 1：主语 (Many people) + 定语从句 (who...) + 谓语 (regard) + 宾语 (investigation) + 宾补 (as...)

分句 2：主语 (they) + 谓语 (are not prepared) + 宾语 (to admit...) + 同位语从句 (that...)

·语法要点：

① in industry and the Services 介词短语作后置定语，修饰 people；

② who 引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明 many people；

③ regard…as…固定搭配，意为 “把…… 看作……”；

④ that 引导同位语从句，解释说明 possibility 的具体内容。

·释义：在工业部门和军队中服役、对噪音有切身体会的许多人，认为对这一问题的调查是浪费时间；他们甚至不愿承认噪音可能影响人类。

2. On the other hand, those who dislike noise will sometimes use most inadequate evidence to support their pleas for a quieter society.

·句子类型：复合句（含定语从句）

·核心结构：主语 (those) + 定语从句 (who...) + 谓语 (will use) + 宾语 (evidence) + 目的状语 (to support...)

·语法要点：

① who 引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 those；

② to support…不定式作目的状语；

③ for a quieter society 介词短语作后置定语，修饰 pleas。

·释义：另一方面，那些讨厌噪音的人，有时会用极不充分的证据来支持他们对更安静社会的诉求。

3. This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.

·句子类型：多重复合句（原因状语从句 + 并列句 + 条件状语从句）

·核心结构：主句 (This is a pity) + 原因状语从句 (because...) + 并列主句 (it is likely...) + 条件状语从句 (if...)

·语法要点：

① because 引导原因状语从句；

② and 连接两个并列主句；

③ if 引导条件状语从句；

④ be likely to do 可能做某事；be associated with 与…… 相关联。

·释义：这很遗憾，因为减少噪音确实是件好事，但如果与拙劣的科学挂钩，它就可能失去公信力。

4. One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness.

·句子类型：复合句（表语从句）

·核心结构：主语 (One allegation) + 后置定语 (often made) + 系动词 (is) + 表语从句 (that...)

·语法要点：

① often made 过去分词短语作后置定语，相当于 which is often made；

② that 引导表语从句，不作成分，不可省略。

·释义：人们常提出的一种说法是，噪音会引发精神疾病。

5. A recent article in a weekly newspaper, for instance, was headed with a striking illustration of a lady in a state of considerable distress, with the caption “She was yet another victim, reduced to a screaming wreck”.

·句子类型：简单句（被动语态 + 多层定语 / 状语）

·核心结构：主语 (article) + 被动谓语 (was headed) + 状语 (with...) + 伴随状语 (with the caption...)

·语法要点：

① in a weekly newspaper 介词短语作后置定语；

② for instance 插入语；

③ reduced to…过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 victim。

·释义：例如，最近一家周报上有篇文章，配有一幅引人注目的插图：一位女士神情极度痛苦，图注写道 “她又一名受害者，沦为只会尖叫的可怜人”。

6. On turning eagerly to the text, one learns that the lady was a typist who found the sound of office typewriters worried her more and more until eventually she had to go into a mental hospital.

·句子类型：复合句（时间状语 + 宾语从句 + 定语从句 + 时间状语从句）

·核心结构：状语 (On turning...) + 主句 (one learns) + 宾语从句 (that...) + 定语从句 (who...) + 时间状语从句 (until...)

·语法要点：

① On doing…一…… 就……，作时间状语；

② that 引导宾语从句；

③ who 引导定语从句修饰 typist；

④ until 引导时间状语从句。

·释义：急切翻看正文后会发现，这位女士是打字员，办公室打字机声让她越来越烦躁，最终不得不住进精神病院。

7. Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course that one cannot distinguish cause and effect.

·句子类型：复合句（表语从句）

·核心结构：主语 (the snag) + 后置定语 (in...) + 系动词 (is) + 表语从句 (that...)

·语法要点：

① in this sort of anecdote 介词短语作后置定语；

② that 引导表语从句，解释主语内容。

·释义：这类奇闻的问题在于，人们无法区分因果。

8. Was the noise a cause of the illness, or were the complaints about noise merely a symptom?

·句子类型：并列选择疑问句

·核心结构：一般疑问句 1 + or + 一般疑问句 2

·语法要点：

① or 连接两个并列疑问句，表示选择；

② about noise 介词短语作后置定语，修饰 complaints。

·释义：是噪音导致了疾病，还是对噪音的抱怨只是症状之一？

9. Another patient might equally well complain that her neighbours were combining to slander her and persecute her, and yet one might be cautious about believing this statement.

·句子类型：并列复合句（宾语从句）

·核心结构：分句 1 (Another patient...complain that...) + 并列连词 (and yet) + 分句 2 (one might be cautious...)

·语法要点：

① that 引导宾语从句；

② combine to do 联合起来做某事；

③ be cautious about doing 对做某事谨慎。

·释义：另一位病人同样可能抱怨邻居联手诽谤迫害她，但人们不会轻易相信这种说法。

10. What is needed in the case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions, to discover whether they are mentally ill more often than other people are.

·句子类型：复合句（主语从句 + 宾语从句 + 比较状语）

·核心结构：主语从句 (What is needed...) + 系动词 (is) + 表语 (a study) + 后置定语 (living...) + 目的状语 (to discover...) + 宾语从句 (whether...)

·语法要点：

① What 引导主语从句；

② living under…现在分词短语作后置定语；

③ whether 引导宾语从句；

④ more often than 比较结构。

·释义：就噪音问题而言，我们需要研究大量生活在噪音环境中的人，以查明他们是否比常人更易患精神疾病。

11. Some time ago the United States Navy, for instance, examined a very large number of men working on aircraft carriers: the study was known as Project Anehin.

·句子类型：并列句（冒号连接解释）

·核心结构：分句 1 (Navy examined men) + 解释分句 (study was known as...)

·语法要点：

① working on…现在分词短语作后置定语；

② be known as 被称为。

·释义：例如，不久前美国海军调查了大批在航空母舰上工作的人员：这项研究被称为 “安内英计划”。

12. It can be unpleasant to live even several miles from an aerodrome; if you think what it must be like to share the deck of a ship with several squadrons of jet aircraft, you will realize that a modern navy is a good place to study noise.

·句子类型：并列复合句（形式主语 + 条件状语从句 + 宾语从句）

·核心结构：分句 1 (It is unpleasant to live...) + 分句 2 (if..., you will realize that...)

·语法要点：

① It 作形式主语，真正主语为 to live…；

② if 引导条件状语从句；

③ what 引导宾语从句；

④ that 引导宾语从句。

·释义：即使住在离机场几英里外也可能很不舒服；试想与数个中队喷气式飞机共用甲板是什么感受，你就会明白现代海军是研究噪音的好地方。

13. But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors.

·句子类型：简单句（并列主语）

·核心结构：并列主语 (neither...nor...) + 谓语 (were able to show) + 宾语 (effects)

·语法要点：

① neither…nor…连接并列主语，谓语单复数就近一致；

② effect upon/on 对…… 的影响。

·释义：但无论是精神病学访谈还是客观测试，都未能显示噪音对这些美国水兵有任何影响。

14. This result merely confirms earlier American and British studies: if there is any effect of noise upon mental health, it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it.

·句子类型：复合句（条件状语从句 + 结果状语从句）

·核心结构：主句 (This result confirms...) + 条件状语从句 (if...) + 结果状语从句 (so...that...)

·语法要点：

① so…that…如此…… 以至于……，引导结果状语从句；

② effect upon mental health 对精神健康的影响。

·释义：这一结果仅证实了美英早期研究：若噪音对精神健康确有影响，也一定微乎其微，现有精神病诊断方法无法检测到。

15. That does not prove that it does not exist; but it does mean that noise is less dangerous than, say being brought up in an orphanage—which really is a mental health hazard.

·句子类型：并列复合句（宾语从句 + 比较结构 + 非限制性定语从句）

·核心结构：分句 1 (That does not prove that...) + 转折分句 (but it does mean that...) + 比较结构 + 定语从句 (which...)

·语法要点：

①两个 that 均引导宾语从句；

② less dangerous than 比较结构；

③ say 为插入语，意为 “比方说”；

④ which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代前文内容。

·释义：这并不能证明其不存在，但确实意味着，噪音的危险性比 —— 比方说 —— 在孤儿院长大要小，而后者才真正危害精神健康。

词汇：

一、核心词汇

1.non-auditory /ˌnɒnˈɔːdɪtri/adj. 非听觉的

o搭配：non-auditory effects非听觉效应

2.investigation /ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn/n. 调查；研究

o搭配：investigation of this question 对该问题的调查

3.inadequate /ɪnˈædɪkwət/adj. 不充分的；不足的

o搭配：most inadequate evidence 极不充分的证据

4.plea/pliː/n. 恳求；请求；诉求

o搭配：pleas for a quieter society 对更安静社会的诉求

5.abatement /əˈbeɪtmənt/n. 减少；消除；减轻

o搭配：noise abatement 噪音减少 / 降噪

6.discredit /dɪsˈkredɪt/v. 使丧失信誉；使不被相信

o搭配：be discredited 丧失公信力

7.allegation /ˌæləˈɡeɪʃn/n. 说法；指控；断言

8.illustration /ˌɪləˈstreɪʃn/n. 插图；说明；例证

9.distress /dɪˈstres/n. 痛苦；忧虑；窘迫

o搭配：in a state of considerable distress 处于极度痛苦中

10.caption /ˈkæpʃn/n. （图片）文字说明；标题

11.wreck /rek/n. （精神、健康）垮掉的人；残骸

o搭配：a screaming wreck 只会尖叫的可怜人

12.anecdote /ˈænɪkdəʊt/n. 轶事；趣闻；个案故事

13.snag/snæɡ/n. 困难；障碍；隐患

14.distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/v. 区分；辨别

o搭配：distinguish cause and effect 区分因果

15.symptom /ˈsɪmptəm/n. 症状；征兆

16.slander /ˈslɑːndə(r)/v./n. 诽谤；诋毁

17.persecute /ˈpɜːsɪkjuːt/v. 迫害；困扰

18.cautious /ˈkɔːʃəs/adj. 谨慎的；小心的

o搭配：be cautious about 对…… 谨慎

19.psychiatric /ˌsaɪkiˈætrɪk/adj. 精神病学的；精神病的

o搭配：psychiatric interviews 精神病学访谈

20.diagnosis /ˌdaɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/n. 诊断（pl. diagnoses）

21.orphanage /ˈɔːfənɪdʒ/n. 孤儿院

22.hazard /ˈhæzəd/n. 危害；危险

o搭配：mental health hazard精神健康危害

二、高级固定搭配

1.regard…as…把…… 看作 / 视为……

o例句：regard any investigation as a waste of time

2.on the other hand另一方面（对比逻辑）

3.be prepared to do sth愿意 / 准备好做某事

o否定：be not prepared to do 不愿做某事

4.support one's pleas for…支持某人对…… 的诉求

5.be associated with…与……相关联；和…… 牵扯在一起

6.reduce sb to…使某人陷入（某种糟糕状态）

o例句：reduce her to a screaming wreck

7.distinguish cause and effect区分因果关系

8.combine to do sth联合起来做某事

9.be cautious about doing sth对做某事持谨慎态度

10.a large number of…大量的……（修饰可数名词）

11.neither…nor…既不…… 也不……（并列否定）

12.so…that…如此…… 以至于……（结果状语）

13.be known as…被称为……；以…… 著称

14.have effect on/upon…对……有影响

15.less dangerous than…比……危险性更小（比较结构）

三、拓展高频搭配

1. 噪音与环境类

·noise pollution 噪音污染

·noisy conditions 噪音环境

·quiet society 安静的社会环境

·industrial noise 工业噪音

·aircraft noise 飞机噪音

2. 健康与医学类

·mental illness 精神疾病

·mental health 精神健康

·go into a mental hospital 住进精神病院

·objective tests 客观测试

·psychiatric diagnosis 精神病诊断

·health hazard 健康危害

3. 研究与证据类

·practical experience 实际经验；切身体会

·inadequate evidence 不充分的证据

·scientific study 科学研究

·research project 研究项目

·bad science 拙劣的科学；不严谨的科学

4. 逻辑与态度类

·a waste of time 浪费时间

·be discredited 不被信任；丧失信誉

·a good cause 好事；正义的事业

·cause and effect 因果

·equally well 同样地；也

5. 生活与场景类

·weekly newspaper 周报

·office typewriters 办公室打字机

·aircraft carriers 航空母舰

·jet aircraft 喷气式飞机

·share the deck 共用甲板

句型：

1. 描述 “人们对某问题的态度”

原句

Many people in industry and the Services, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time.

套用模板

Many people who have experience of…, regard … as ….

作文示例

Many people who have experience of online learning regard regular review as the key to effective study.

翻译：许多有线上学习经验的人，都把定期复习看作高效学习的关键。

2. 评价 “好事被拖累、很可惜”

原句

This is a pity, because noise abatement really is a good cause, and it is likely to be discredited if it gets to be associated with bad science.

套用模板

This is a pity, because … is really a good cause, and it is likely to … if it is associated with ….

作文示例

This is a pity, because cultural protection is really a good cause, and it is likely to be neglected if it is associated with short-term economic interests.

翻译：这很可惜，因为文化保护确实是一项正义事业，而如果它与短期经济利益挂钩，就很可能被忽视。

3. 指出 “个案无法证明因果”

原句

Now the snag in this sort of anecdote is of course that one cannot distinguish cause and effect.

套用模板

The snag in such anecdotes is that one cannot distinguish cause and effect clearly.

作文示例

The snag in such individual cases is that we cannot distinguish cause and effect in social problems.

翻译：这类个别案例的问题在于，我们无法清晰区分社会问题中的因果关系。

4. 说明 “两者都无明显效果”

原句

But neither psychiatric interviews nor objective tests were able to show any effects upon these American sailors.

套用模板

Neither … nor… were able to show any effects on ….

作文示例

Neither punishment alone nor simple praise were able to show any effects on improving students’ self-discipline.

翻译：无论是单纯惩罚还是简单表扬，都无法对提升学生自律性产生明显效果。

5. 论证 “影响极小、难以检测”

原句

If there is any effect of noise upon mental health, it must be so small that present methods of psychiatric diagnosis cannot find it.

套用模板

If there is any effect of … on …, it must be so small that present …cannot find it.

作文示例

If there is any effect of mobile phones on teenagers’ sleep, it must be so small that present research methods cannot find it.

翻译：如果手机确实对青少年睡眠有影响，那也一定微乎其微，现有研究方法无法检测到。