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经济学学习笔记一

  • 2026-03-06 02:43:26
经济学学习笔记一
图片来自网络，内容来自网课。
一、经济学定义及其解读
关于经济学定义，自我语言表述：经济是一门研究人、组织和国家在有限的资源下如何进行更有效地决策，从而更好地实现自己目标的科学。
由于研究对象不同，可以分为微观经济学与宏观经济学，前者针对个人、家庭及企业，研究内容包括市场分析、价格波动、厂商竞争等；后者针对国家，研究内容包括经济增长、商业周期、国家汇率、利率政策等。
我们可以从经济学的表述中提炼出来三个核心要素：稀缺性、有效性与决策论。
稀缺性主要指资源有限，可以从两个方面理解，一是资源长期是稀缺的，如煤、石油、天然气等对于企业和国家来讲是稀缺的；二是指资源短期是稀缺的，长期是富足的，如员工对于一家处于项目紧张期的企业，员工离开后，短时间内可能找不到更加合适的员工。
还有一个有趣的例子是亚当斯密对于胃的理解，胃的容量是有限的，它限制了人们对于食物的渴望。基于些，我们在吃自助餐时，总是要优先选择吃自己喜欢且占用空间不大的食物。
二、稀缺性与机会成本
我在街上走正好看到蜜雪冰城，随即就走了进去，一摸兜里只有10块钱，要么买圣代，要么买珍珠奶茶，到底买哪个呢？就看这时最想要的是什么，经济学上把你想要的程度或者你购买后得到的满足程度称为效用。这时候就产生了机会成本，你购买珍珠奶茶的机会成本就是你不能到学校旁边的花店买那朵9.9元的玫瑰花送给喜欢的女孩儿了。因为机会成本是你用来购买A时支付的成本可以用来购买其它商品时所得到的最大效用。
三、不同的经济学视角
一群男孩儿踢足球，打破了工厂玻璃。大家都在说小孩子调皮，这时也有人指出”这可能会导致经济增长。“这个观点正确吗？我们看下面过程：
如果工厂换一块玻璃要花100元，玻璃商厂花80块钱买面包，面包商家花64元买衣服，等等，按照这个过程进行计算下去。（注意到了吗，这个过程中我假设人们会把赚到的20%的钱存起来）
假设资金就这样流动下去，最终我们计算得到，小朋友打碎了100元的玻璃，创造了500元的国民生产总值。实实在在地创造了经济增长。
这种现象，我们就可以把它称为乘数效应。
四、发散思考
通过这个例子，似乎我们人人走上街头打碎玻璃就好了，就能直接产生经济增长，这好像是有悖于常识的，怎么用经济学来理解这个问题呢？
答案就是“机会成本”，如果厂商玻璃没有被打碎，那么省下来的这100元，投入生产，可能会得到更高的价值。
著名的创新经济学之父约瑟夫・熊彼特提到的破坏创新理论其实也是机会成本的翻版，人们原本的工作岗位被催毁，劳动力得到解放，最终他们被分配到新的工作中去，极大提高了劳动生产率，这反而促进了社会经济的发展。
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  135. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/no.67808.cn/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
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  137. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/no.67808.cn/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
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  139. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/no.67808.cn/runtime/temp/6df755f970a38e704c5414acbc6e8bcd.php ( 12.06 KB )
  140. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/no.67808.cn/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000546s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=no_67808;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000912s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000327s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000237s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000519s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000197s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000540s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 472504 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000417s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1772752067 WHERE `id` = 472504 [ RunTime:0.000639s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000220s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 472504 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000434s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 472504 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000403s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 472504 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.001094s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 472504 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.006973s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 472504 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.003428s ]
0.096673s