Five Features of Good Writing（优质写作五大核心特征）📚。这五大要素是学术写作的底层逻辑，更是拆解高考阅读C/D篇学术文本、优化高考写作的「黄金法则」，读写通用，提分关键！
先回顾基础框架：我们此前已掌握段落核心结构——a topic sentence with a controlling idea, supporting sentences, a concluding sentence。本次五大特征，是让段落从「完整」升级为「excellent」的核心，全程英文标注核心概念+教材原句+高考真题例证，搭配专属图标更易记，赶紧收藏吃透！
一、Feature 1：Purpose（明确写作目的）🎯
Core Definition
The purpose of a paragraph refers to the writer’s reason for writing, the main goal to achieve. It keeps writing focused and on-topic.
Key Points
1. Common Purposes in Academic Writing
to explain / to summarize / to retell / to persuade / to describe
2. Purpose Statement vs. Topic Sentence
- Purpose Statement: A short internal sentence for the writer to define the paragraph’s point (not included in the paragraph)
- Topic Sentence: The first sentence of a paragraph for readers, presenting the main idea (included in the paragraph)
高考真题例证（读写互通）🔍
阅读C/D篇应用（2024新高考I卷阅读C篇）
该篇探讨「AI与教育的融合」，其中第二段首句为：AI tools can provide personalized learning experiences by analyzing students’ learning data。
- 分析Purpose：to explain（解释AI工具实现个性化学习的方式）
- 高考解题思路：明确写作目的为explain，重点抓取「analyzing learning data」「personalized learning」等核心逻辑，快速定位答案区间，减少阅读耗时。
写作应用（2025北京卷应用文写作：建议信）
题目要求「给校长写建议，优化学校图书馆服务」，写作前需明确Purpose：to persuade（说服校长采纳建议）+ to explain（解释建议的合理性）。
- 高考提分关键：紧扣purpose展开，避免偏离「图书馆服务优化」核心，杜绝无关内容（如校园环境、食堂伙食），规避「要点不全、偏离提纲」高频扣分点。
二、Feature 2：Audience（兼顾读者受众）👥
Core Definition
Audience means the readers of your writing. Writers must keep the audience in mind to ensure the writing is appropriate and effective.
Key Questions to Ask ❓
1. How much background knowledge does the audience have?
2. Is formal or informal language more appropriate?
3. What information does the audience need to know most?
高考真题例证（写作专项）📝
真题1（2024全国甲卷：回信）
题目：给英国笔友Tom回信，介绍家乡的传统节日。
- Audience：a foreign pen pal（非正式关系，缺乏中国传统节日背景知识）
- Language & Content：informal language（I’m glad to hear from you!）+ 补充基础背景（The Spring Festival is the most important traditional festival in China, falling on the first day of the lunar year）。
真题2（2024新高考II卷：建议信）
题目：给学校英语老师写建议，改进英语课堂活动。
- Audience：your English teacher（正式关系，具备英语教学背景知识）
- Language & Content：formal language（I am writing to put forward some practical suggestions on improving our English class activities）+ 聚焦具体建议（We can hold more English debates and role-play activities），无需额外铺垫背景。
高考提分警示 ⚠️
忽略Audience是应用文写作丢分重灾区！2023年某卷考生给校长写倡议书用口语化表达（Hey, headmaster! Let’s do something for the environment），因语言风格不当，直接扣除「语言得体性」分值。
三、Feature 3：Clarity（保证表达清晰）✨
Core Definition
Clarity refers to how easily readers can understand your writing. It requires specific, concise and direct language, no vague or indirect expressions.
Two Key Ways to Improve Clarity
1. Use clear and descriptive language（★★★高考重点｜教材原句精准还原）📖
Vague vs. Specific Examples（教材原版例句，附拓展替换词）
- 例1（情绪类）：
Vague: The survivors are happy to see the rescue team.
Specific: The survivors are relieved/ecstatic/elated to see the rescue team.
- 例2（成就类｜教材原句）：
Vague: Usain Bolt of Jamaica set the world record for the 100-meter dash in 2009 at 9.58 seconds. This is an exceptional thing.
Specific: Usain Bolt of Jamaica set the world record for the 100-meter dash in 2009 at 9.58 seconds. This is an exceptional achievement.
✨ 教材拓展替换词：feat / accomplishment（均可替换thing，表达「成就、功绩」，更具体精准）
高考高频模糊词→精准词替换表（核心拓展，直接背诵）📊
Vague Words（模糊） Specific & Advanced Words（精准/高阶） 高考写作适配场景
good excellent / remarkable / beneficial 描述事物、观点、效果
important crucial / vital / significant 表达重要性、必要性
happy delighted / thrilled / relieved 描述人物情绪
sad upset / heartbroken / gloomy 描述人物情绪
say state / argue / point out / claim 表达观点、陈述事实
thing achievement / feat / accomplishment 描述成就、功绩（教材核心）
thing goal / result / experience 描述目标、结果、经历
big enormous / considerable / significant 描述规模、程度
many numerous / a host of / plenty of 描述数量
2. Use clear pronoun reference
Ensure pronouns (it/they/this/that) have a clear antecedent (指代对象) to avoid confusion.
- Incorrect: The teacher told the student she needed to finish the homework.
- Correct: The teacher told the student that she (the student) needed to finish the homework.
高考真题例证（写作）✍️
2024江苏模考写作原句（模糊）：Li Hua won the competition and did a great thing.
优化后（精准，教材替换词应用）：Li Hua won the English speech competition and made an exceptional accomplishment.
→ 优化后因「词汇精准贴合教材用法、内容具体」，在高考评分中直接提升「词汇与表达」档次，增加1-2分。
四、Feature 4：Unity（保持内容统一）🎯
Core Definition
Unity means all sentences in a paragraph must support the controlling idea of the topic sentence. No unrelated sentences are allowed.
Core Practice
Cross out the unrelated sentences: Check the paragraph after writing and delete any sentences that do not connect to the main idea. ❌
高考真题例证（读写+写作）🔍
阅读应用（2023新高考I卷阅读D篇）
某段落主题句：Urban green spaces can improve people’s physical and mental health.
段落内句子：①Trees in green spaces can absorb harmful gases. ②People can take exercise in green spaces to keep fit. ③The city plans to build a new shopping mall next year.
- 分析Unity：句子③与「绿色空间改善健康」的控制观点无关，属于冗余信息，阅读时可直接略过，快速抓取核心内容。
（注：七选五重点考查该项能力）
写作应用（2024浙江卷：观点类作文）
题目要求「讨论是否应该禁止学生使用手机」，主题句：Students should be banned from using mobile phones at school.
- 错误表达（破坏Unity）：Students should be banned from using mobile phones at school. Mobile phones are very popular among teenagers.（后句与「禁止手机的原因」无关）
- 正确表达（保持Unity）：Students should be banned from using mobile phones at school. Phones can distract students’ attention in class and affect their study efficiency.
五、Feature 5：Coherence（实现逻辑连贯）🔗
Core Definition
Coherence means ideas in a paragraph are connected naturally and logically. It is the key to a smooth and well-organized writing.
Three Key Strategies
1. Put sentences in the right order：Follow time/space/cause-effect/order of importance logic. 📶
2. Avoid repetition：Use synonyms or pronouns to replace key words（如用accomplishment替代重复出现的achievement，教材核心替换思路）. 🔄
3. Use transitional words & phrases（★★★高考必背）：The "links" between ideas, essential for flow. 📎
高考高频Transitional Words & Phrases（分类整理+真题例句）📋
Logical Relationship English Expressions
Addition（递进） firstly, besides, moreover, in addition
Firstly, AI can save teachers’ time. Besides, it can meet students’ different learning needs.
Contrast（转折） however, on the contrary, in contrast
AI has many advantages in education. However, it cannot replace teachers completely.
Cause & Effect（因果） therefore, as a result, thus
Students spend too much time on phones. Therefore, their academic performance declines.
Summary（总结） in conclusion, in a word, to sum up
In conclusion, AI is a useful tool for education, but we should use it properly.
Illustration（举例） for example, for instance, such as
Some traditional festivals, such as the Mid-Autumn Festival, are celebrated by family reunions.
高考真题例证（写作）✍️
2024全国乙卷观点类作文「是否支持中学生参加校外实践活动」，逻辑优化示例：
- 原句（无过渡，逻辑混乱）：Students can learn practical skills. They can make more friends. We should encourage students to take part in after-school activities.
- 优化后（过渡词+同义词替换，符合Coherence要求）：Firstly, students can learn practical skills through after-school activities. Besides, they can make more friends and expand their social circles. In conclusion, we should encourage teenagers to participate in such outdoor practices.
总结：五大特征，读写通用（英文核心速记）📝
1. Purpose：Clear goal (explain/persuade/describe) → 读写先定核心目标
2. Audience：Formal/informal language → 写作适配受众，阅读判断作者表达倾向
3. Clarity：Specific words (thing→achievement/feat) → 高考写作词汇提分核心
4. Unity：All sentences support the controlling idea → 读写剔除无关信息，抓核心
5. Coherence：Transitional words + logical order → 高考写作流畅度关键，阅读快速理脉络
互动小问题 ❓
你在写作中最容易用错的模糊词是什么？评论区留言，我们一起用教材替换词优化！
