【学习笔记】5 种论据类型 + 高考题拆解,搞定英语写作细节支撑

“为什么你的英语作文总是拿不到高分？很多时候不是观点不够好，而是  支撑细节（supporting details）太薄弱。今天我们就来拆解教材里的 5 种论据类型，结合高考真题，让你的作文逻辑瞬间‘立’起来！”

🎯 一、先懂原理：如何用提问法构思支撑细节

教材里的核心方法是：针对主题句（Topic Sentence），用 Who? What? When? Where? Why? How? 这 6 个问题来挖掘细节。

• 主题句：

• 提问示例：What are these methods? Why do they use them?
• 支撑句：

📚 二、5 种支撑句类型 + 高考真题对照

1. Explain（解释）

• 作用：解释原因或背景，让观点更易理解。
• 教材示例：Since many college students experience at least some level of stress, counselors are always available to help them.
• 高考真题链接
  （2023 年全国甲卷）：主题句 Online learning has become a common way to study. → 支撑句：This is because it allows students to access courses anytime, which is especially helpful for those who live in remote areas.

2. Describe（描述）

• 作用：描绘场景或特征，让读者有画面感。
• 教材示例：This rich, natural environment provides the birds with a safe place to rest before continuing on their lengthy journey.
• 高考真题链接
  （2022 年新高考 I 卷）：主题句 The library is a popular place on campus. → 支撑句：Sunlight streams through the large windows, and students sit quietly at wooden tables, surrounded by shelves of books.

3. Give reasons（给出原因）

• 作用：说明观点成立的依据，增强说服力。
• 教材示例：Reviewing good notes before a test will help students learn the most important information.
• 高考真题链接
  （2021 年全国乙卷）：主题句 Regular exercise is essential for health. → 支撑句：It strengthens the heart and improves blood circulation, which reduces the risk of chronic diseases.

4. Give facts（提供事实）

• 作用：用客观数据或事实佐证观点，更具权威性。
• 教材示例：More than 20 percent of adults cannot run farther than 100 meters without stopping to rest.
• 高考真题链接
  （2020 年全国 I 卷）：主题句 Recycling is important for protecting the environment. → 支撑句：Each ton of recycled paper saves 17 trees and 7,000 gallons of water.

5. Give examples（举例说明）

• 作用：用具体例子让抽象观点更生动。
• 教材示例：Brazil is a leading producer of cocoa, sugarcane, and soybeans.
• 高考真题链接
  （2019 年全国 II 卷）：主题句 There are many ways to reduce plastic waste. → 支撑句：For instance, people can use reusable cloth bags for shopping and avoid buying bottled water.

✍️ 三、实战演练：用提问法写高考作文

以 2023 年新课标 I 卷作文题（The benefits of participating in physical exercise）为例：

• 主题句：

• 提问构思：What benefits? How do these benefits help students?
• 支撑句：

📖小试牛刀：

For each topic sentence, write two questions that the supporting sentences could answer.

• Some pesticides should not be used on vegetable crops.

• Many coffee producers are committed to using environmentally friendly farming methods.

• Although snow skiing and water skiing seem very different, the two sports have some similar characteristics.

• Trophy hunting, in which people pay for the opportunity to hunt endangered animals, is controversial.

• Children who participate in extracurricular activities are often more confident than those who do not.

💡 结尾

“记住：好的作文不是靠华丽的辞藻，而是靠逻辑清晰的支撑细节。下次写作时，先用这 5 种类型和提问法构思，你的作文一定会让阅卷老师眼前一亮！”