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区块链学习笔记(9)[ ETH-GHOST ]

  • 2026-02-01 11:01:49
区块链学习笔记(9)[ ETH-GHOST ]
以下内容基于2020年12月之前,因为从2022年9月15日14时43分(UTC+8)之后,以太坊从工作量证明完全过渡到权益证明,以太坊主网不再使用PoW挖矿机制,GHOST协议也随之被新的PoS共识规则替代。
由于是学习,就把之前的机制也一起学一下。
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以太坊的出块时间只有十几秒,相较于比特币的平均10分钟出块时间,会出现一个问题:分叉是常态。比特币有十分钟的共识时间,使得临时分叉的情况比较少,而以太坊十几秒的出块时间使得很多矿工几乎同时挖出区块。
区块链以最长合法链为准,但是频繁的分叉带来很多问题,比如:被抛弃的区块实际上是浪费了矿工的算力。还存在一个更大的问题:大型矿池占便宜,大型矿池只要继续沿着它自己挖出来的区块继续挖,会使得收益明显超过其算力占比。
于是以太坊引入了GHOST协议来解决这个问题。简单来说一句话:让作废的区块也能获得奖励。
举例来讲,最长合法链上一个区块的前一个区块,称为该区块的父区块,与该父区块同级别的没有被纳入最长合法链的区块,被称为叔父区块(uncle block),uncle block也就是分叉,也就是被抛弃的区块。
GHOST协议规定,在新发布的区块中最多可以包含两个uncle block的区块头的hash,这样对双方都有好处:这两个uncle block均可以获得7/8的出块奖励,新区块发布者还可以额外获得1/32的出块奖励,如果包含了两个uncle那就是2/32的出块奖励。
比如上图中,A、B、C都是E的叔父区块,在B区块之前的最长合法链上的分叉都是E区块的叔父区块。但是叔父区块获得的奖励是递减的,按照辈分级别,从7/8→6/8→5/8→4/8→3/8→2/8→0。示例如下:
A区块再往前的分叉区块就不再有奖励了,奖励递减带来的激励作用是:矿工会尽早将分叉合并,这样可以降低全节点的维护难度。
但有一点:被包含发布的叔父区块里的交易并不执行。
所以,引入GHOST就是为了解决系统中出现的临时性分叉。
说到奖励,我们知道比特币的奖励分为静态奖励:区块奖励(block reward)和动态奖励:交易费用(transaction fee)。
以太坊的矿工是分为静态奖励:区块奖励(block reward)和动态奖励:汽油费(gas fee)。gas fee的原因是区块里包含了智能合约,执行智能合约时得到gas fee。
uncle区块的发布者只能得到x/8的静态奖励,得不到gas fee,但是问题不大,gas fee很小。
ETH并不规定出块奖励定期减半,不同于BTC人为制造稀缺性。
所以BTC一般当成数字黄金。ETH被当成石油,用来消耗和花的。(ETH的比喻不太恰当)
ETH中只有分叉的第一个区块可以得到uncle reward,在这个分叉后面的区块都得不到uncle reward。
以2018年每个区块奖励3ETH为例,实际举例:
这是不同等级的uncle区块获得的奖励
图中倒数第三行就是区块奖励,由括号中3部分组成,分别是:固定区块奖励3ETH,gas fee和因包含uncle而得到的奖励
图中倒数第二行就是该uncle reward,根据与这个区块的距离(括号中),决定该获得x/8的奖励

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  135. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/no.67808.cn/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
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  137. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/no.67808.cn/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
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  139. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/no.67808.cn/runtime/temp/6df755f970a38e704c5414acbc6e8bcd.php ( 12.06 KB )
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000891s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=no_67808;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001648s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.003986s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000701s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001463s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000838s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001498s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 464502 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.012089s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1770340134 WHERE `id` = 464502 [ RunTime:0.003454s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000721s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 464502 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.007471s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 464502 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.013326s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 464502 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.010110s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 464502 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.006187s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 464502 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.039962s ]
0.273882s