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西药一 学习笔记 倒计时193天

  • 2026-04-21 10:33:46
西药一 学习笔记 倒计时193天

西药一 学习笔记 倒计时193天

第六章 药物的结构与作用
第五节 呼吸系统疾病药物
呼吸系统疾病药物

一、平喘药物

1. 选择性β₂受体激动药
​
- 短效：沙丁胺醇、硫酸特布他林
​
- 长效：特罗类（如福莫特罗、沙美特罗等）
​
2. 肾上腺素
​
- 含邻二酚羟基：口服无效，易被氧化
​
- 体内代谢：经儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶（COMT）和单胺氧化酶（MAO）催化失活
​
3. 麻黄碱
​
- 含两个手性碳，存在四个异构体：麻黄碱为 (1R,2S)-赤藓糖型，伪麻黄碱为 (1S,2S)-苏阿糖型
​
- 口服易吸收，被列为“易制毒化学品”

 

二、中枢性镇咳药物

- 代表药物：右美沙芬、磷酸可待因

 

三、祛痰药物

- 代表药物：盐酸溴己新、盐酸氨溴索、乙酰半胱氨酸、羧甲司坦

 

四、组胺H₁受体拮抗药物

1. 第三代H₁受体拮抗药
​
- 代表药物：地氯雷他定、非索非那定、诺阿司咪唑
​
- 特点：活性代谢产物，无中枢镇静作用，无心脏毒性，强效
​
2. 西替利嗪
​
- 特点：非镇静性抗组胺药，分子呈两性离子，不易穿透血-脑屏障
​
- 手性异构体：R-(-)-异构体（左西替利嗪）现已上市
山河图‌

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000632s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=no_67808;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000824s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000281s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000305s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000460s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000205s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000581s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 482654 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000440s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1776774488 WHERE `id` = 482654 [ RunTime:0.001285s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000243s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 482654 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000427s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 482654 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000347s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 482654 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.000663s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 482654 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.001432s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 482654 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.001120s ]
0.102070s