Lesson 31 The sculptor speaks
课文：
1. Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in 3 dimensions.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 (Appreciation of sculpture) + 谓语 (depends upon) + 宾语 (the ability) + 后置定语 (to respond to form in 3 dimensions)
·语法要点：①主语为抽象名词短语，of sculpture 作后置定语修饰 Appreciation；② to respond to form in 3 dimensions 为不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 the ability；③ in 3 dimensions 为介词短语作状语，修饰 respond to form，表 “在三维空间中”。
·释义：对雕塑的鉴赏力取决于对立体形态做出反应的能力。
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2. That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts;
·句子类型：复合句（表语从句）
·核心结构：主语 (That) + 系动词 (is) + 表语 (why 引导的表语从句)
·语法要点：① That 指代前文 “鉴赏雕塑需要对立体形态的反应能力” 这一内容；② why 引导表语从句，从句使用现在完成时的被动语态 (has been described)，表 “被描述为”；③ the most difficult 后省略了 art，为形容词最高级，of all arts 作后置定语表范围。
·释义：这或许就是雕塑被称作所有艺术中最难的一种的原因。
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3. certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions.
·句子类型：复合句（比较状语从句 + 定语从句）
·核心结构：主句 (it is more difficult than the arts) + 定语从句 (which involve...)
·语法要点：①主句为比较级结构 more difficult than...，it指代前文的 “appreciation of sculpture”；② which 引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 the arts，which在从句中作主语；③ of flat forms 和 in only two dimensions 均为介词短语作后置定语，分别修饰 appreciation 和 shape。
·释义：当然，鉴赏雕塑比欣赏那些仅涉及二维平面形态的艺术品要难得多。
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4. Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind.
·句子类型：简单句（主系表结构 + 比较级）
·核心结构：主语 (Many more people) + 系动词 (are) + 表语 ('form-blind') + 比较状语 (than colour-blind)
·语法要点：① many more 修饰可数名词复数，表 “多得多的”，为比较级形式；② form-blind 和colour-blind 均为合成形容词，分别表 “形盲的”“色盲的”，than 后省略了 people who are，为省略结构。
·释义：“形盲” 的人比 “色盲” 的人要多得多。
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5. The child learning to see, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths.
·句子类型：并列简单句（; 连接两个分句）
·核心结构：分句 1 (The child...distinguishes only two-dimensional shape) + 分句 2 (it cannot judge distances, depths)
·语法要点：① learning to see 为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 The child，表主动（孩子主动学习看东西）；②分句 2 中 it 指代前文的 The child，distances和 depths 为并列名词作宾语，均用复数表泛指。
·释义：正在学习看东西的孩子，起初只能分辨二维的形态，无法判断距离和深度。
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6. Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly 3-dimensonal distances.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 (it) + 谓语 (has to develop) + 宾语 (the ability) + 多个状语 / 后置定语
·语法要点：① it 指代前文的 The child；② for its personal safety and practical needs为介词短语作目的状语，partly by means of touch 为插入语，表方式 “部分通过触觉”；③ to judge roughly 3-dimensonal distances 为不定式短语作后置定语，修饰 the ability，roughly为副词作状语修饰 judge。
·释义：后来，出于自身安全和实际需求，孩子必须培养出（部分通过触觉）粗略判断三维空间距离的能力。
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7. But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓结构）
·核心结构：状语 (having satisfied...) + 主语 (most people) + 谓语 (go) + 状语 (no further)
·语法要点：① having satisfied 为现在分词的完成式作时间状语，表动作发生在主句动作之前（先满足实际需求，再停止发展能力），逻辑主语为 most people；② of practical necessity 为介词短语作后置定语，修饰 the requirements；③ no further 为副词短语作状语，修饰 go，表 “不再进一步（发展）”。
·释义：但大多数人在满足了实际需求后，就不再继续深入发展这种能力了。
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8. Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.
·句子类型：复合句（让步状语从句 + 主句）
·核心结构：让步状语从句 (Though they may attain...) + 主句 (they do not make the further...effort...)
·语法要点：① Though 引导让步状语从句，in the perception of flat form 为介词短语作状语，修饰 attain；②主句中 needed to comprehend... 为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 effort，表 “被需要的”；③ in its full spatial existence 为介词短语作状语，修饰 comprehend form，its 指代 form。
·释义：尽管他们对平面形态的感知能达到相当高的精准度，却不愿在智力和情感上再付出努力，去理解形态在完整空间中的存在形式。
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9. This is what the sculptor must do.
·句子类型：复合句（表语从句）
·核心结构：主语 (This) + 系动词 (is) + 表语 (what 引导的表语从句)
·语法要点：① This 指代前文 “理解空间中完整的形态” 这一行为；② what 在表语从句中作 do 的宾语，表 “…… 的事”。
·释义：而这正是雕塑家必须做到的事。
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10. He must strive continually to think of and use, form in its full spatial completeness.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 (He) + 谓语 (must strive) + 状语 (continually) + 不定式宾补 (to think of and use) + 宾语 (form)
·语法要点：① He 指代 the sculptor；② continually 为副词作状语，修饰 strive；③ to think of and use 为不定式短语作目的状语，think of 和use 为并列动词，共用宾语 form；④ in its full spatial completeness 为介词短语作后置定语，修饰 form，its指代 form。
·释义：他必须不断努力，去思考并运用形态在空间中的完整形态。
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11. He gets the solid shape as it were, inside his head--he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand.
·句子类型：并列复合句（-- 连接，含方式状语从句 / 让步状语）
·核心结构：分句 1 (He gets the solid shape...inside his head) + 分句 2 (he thinks of it...as if...)
·语法要点：① as it were 为插入语，表 “可以说；仿佛”；② whatever its size 为让步状语省略结构，完整为 whatever its size is，修饰 think of it；③ as if 引导方式状语从句，从句使用虚拟语气 (were holding)，表与现实不符的假设；④ enclosed in the hollow of his hand 为过去分词短语作宾语补足语，修饰 it，表 “被握在手心的”。
·释义：可以说，他在脑海中勾勒出这个立体的形态 —— 无论形态大小，他想象它时，仿佛将其完完整整地握在手心一般。
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12. He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself;
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 (He) + 状语 (mentally) + 谓语 (visualizes) + 宾语 (a complex form) + 状语 (from all round itself)
·语法要点：① mentally 为副词作状语，修饰 visualizes，表 “在脑海中”；② from all round itself 为介词短语作状语，修饰 visualizes，itself 指代 a complex form。
·释义：他在脑海中从这个复杂形态的各个角度去描绘它。
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13. he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like; he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight;
·句子类型：并列复合句（; 连接两个分句，第一分句含时间状语从句 + 宾语从句）
·核心结构：分句 1 (he knows...what the other side is like) + 分句 2 (he identifies himself with...)
·语法要点：①分句 1 中 while he looks at one side 为时间状语从句，what the other side is like 为宾语从句，作 knows 的宾语，what 在从句中作表语；②分句 2 中identify oneself with... 为固定搭配，表 “使自己与…… 融为一体”，its 指代 form，centre of gravity, its mass, its weight 为并列名词作 with 的宾语。
·释义：他看形态的一面时，便知道另一面的样子；他将自身与形态的重心、质量和重量融为一体。
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14. he realizes its volume as the space that the shape displaces in the air.
·句子类型：复合句（定语从句）
·核心结构：主语 (he) + 谓语 (realizes) + 宾语 (its volume) + 宾补 (as the space) + 定语从句 (that...)
·语法要点：① its 指代 form，realize...as... 表 “将……理解为……”；② that 引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 the space，that 在从句中作 displaces 的宾语；③ in the air 为介词短语作状语，修饰 displaces。
·释义：他能将形态的体积理解为这个形状在空气中占据的空间。
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15. And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 (the sensitive observer of sculpture) + 谓语 (must learn) + 不定式宾补 (to feel) + 宾语 (shape) + 方式状语 (as shape, not as...)
·语法要点：① of sculpture 为介词短语作后置定语，修饰 observer；② to feel shape 为不定式短语作宾语，learn to do sth 为固定搭配；③ simply as shape 为方式状语，not as description or reminiscence 为对比状语，省略了 feel shape。
·释义：因此，敏锐的雕塑观赏者也必须学会单纯地将形体当作形体来感受，而非将其当作一种描述或回忆。
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16. He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird.
·句子类型：复合句（定语从句）
·核心结构：主语 (He) + 谓语 (must perceive) + 宾语 (an egg) + 宾补 (as a simple single solid shape) + 状语 (quite apart from...)
·语法要点：① for example 为插入语；②perceive...as... 为固定搭配，表 “将…… 看作……”；③ quite apart from 为介词短语作状语，表 “抛开…… 不谈”，后接两个并列的宾语 its significance as food 和 the literary idea；④ that it will become a bird 为同位语从句，解释说明 the literary idea 的具体内容，that 无实际意义，只起连接作用。
·释义：比如，他必须将鸡蛋看作一个简单单一的立体形态，完全抛开其作为食物的意义，也抛开它会孵化成小鸟这一文字层面的概念。
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17. And so with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone.
·句子类型：省略句（承前省略，完整为 And so it is with solids...）
·核心结构：状语 (And so) + 介词短语 (with solids) + 举例状语 (such as...)
·语法要点：①为避免重复，省略了 it is，指代前文 “将形体单纯当作形体来感受” 这一规则；②such as 后接一系列并列的可数名词，作 solids 的同位语，表举例。
·释义：对于贝壳、核桃、李子、梨子、蝌蚪、蘑菇、山峰、肾脏、胡萝卜、树干、鸟儿、花蕾、云雀、瓢虫、芦苇和骨头这些实体，也应如此。
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18. From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms or combinations of several forms.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：状语 (From these) + 主语 (he) + 谓语 (can go on to appreciate) + 宾语 (more complex forms or combinations)
·语法要点：① From these 为介词短语作状语，these 指代前文提到的各类简单实体；② go on to do sth 为固定搭配，表 “接着做另一件事”；③ of several forms 为介词短语作后置定语，修饰 combinations。
·释义：从这些简单形体出发，观赏者便能进一步去欣赏更复杂的形态，或是若干形态的组合体。
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词汇
一、核心词汇
1.appreciation /əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn/n. 鉴赏；欣赏；感激（本课表 “艺术鉴赏”）
搭配：appreciation of sculpture 雕塑鉴赏
2.sculpture /ˈskʌlptʃə(r)/n. 雕塑；雕塑品 v. 雕刻（本课以名词为主）
搭配：a piece of sculpture 一件雕塑品
3.dimension /daɪˈmenʃn/n. 维度；方面（复数表 “空间维度”）
搭配：3 dimensions 三维；2 dimensions 二维
4.flat /flæt/adj. 平面的；平坦的 n. 平地（本课作形容词）
搭配：flat forms 平面形态
5.form /fɔːm/n. 形态；形状；形式 v. 形成（本课核心义为 “形体 / 形态”）
搭配：spatial form 空间形态；solid form 立体形态
6.distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/v. 分辨；区分；辨别
搭配：distinguish shapes 分辨形态
7.judge /dʒʌdʒ/v. 判断；评判 n. 法官（本课作动词）
搭配：judge distances 判断距离
8.depth /depθ/n. 深度；深处（不可数）
搭配：judge depths 判断深度
9.practical /ˈpræktɪkl/adj. 实际的；实用的；务实的
搭配：practical needs 实际需求
10.attain /əˈteɪn/v. 达到；获得；实现（正式用语）
搭配：attain accuracy 达到精准度
11.perception /pəˈsepʃn/n. 感知；感觉；认知
搭配：perception of form 形态感知
12.intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl/adj. 智力的；理智的 n. 知识分子（本课作形容词）
搭配：intellectual effort 智力上的努力
13.emotional /ɪˈməʊʃənl/adj. 情感的；情绪的
搭配：emotional effort 情感上的努力
14.comprehend /ˌkɒmprɪˈhend/v. 理解；领会；领悟（正式用语）
搭配：comprehend spatial form 理解空间形态
15.spatial /ˈspeɪʃl/adj. 空间的；与空间相关的
搭配：spatial existence 空间存在；spatial completeness 空间完整性
16.strive /straɪv/v. 努力；奋斗；力争（strive-strove-striven）
搭配：strive to do sth 努力做某事
17.continually /kənˈtɪnjuəli/adv. 不断地；持续地
搭配：strive continually 不断努力
18.solid /ˈsɒlɪd/adj. 立体的；固体的；坚固的 n. 固体（本课作形容词）
搭配：solid shape 立体形态
19.visualize /ˈvɪʒuəlaɪz/v. 想象；设想；使形象化
搭配：visualize a form 勾勒形态；设想形体
20.complex /ˈkɒmpleks/adj. 复杂的 n. 综合体（本课作形容词）
搭配：complex form 复杂形态
21.gravity /ˈɡrævəti/n. 重力；重心；严重性（本课表 “重心”）
搭配：centre of gravity 重心
22.mass /mæs/n. 质量；大量；团（本课表 “物理质量”）
搭配：the mass of a shape 形体的质量
23.weight /weɪt/n. 重量；分量；重担 v. 称重
搭配：the weight of a form 形体的重量
24.volume /ˈvɒljuːm/n. 体积；容量；卷册（本课表 “物理体积”）
搭配：the volume of a shape 形体的体积
25.displace /dɪsˈpleɪs/v. 占据（空间）；取代；移动
搭配：displace space in the air 占据空气中的空间
26.sensitive /ˈsensətɪv/adj. 敏锐的；敏感的；易受影响的（本课表 “感知敏锐的”）
搭配：sensitive observer 敏锐的观赏者
27.observer /əbˈzɜːvə(r)/n. 观察者；观赏者；目击者
搭配：a sculpture observer 雕塑观赏者
28.description /dɪˈskrɪpʃn/n. 描述；描写；说明
搭配：verbal description 文字描述
29.reminiscence /ˌremɪˈnɪsns/n. 回忆；回想；往事（不可数）
搭配：rely on reminiscence 依靠印象 / 回忆
30.perceive /pəˈsiːv/v. 感知；察觉；看作
搭配：perceive sth as... 将某物看作……
31.combination /ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃn/n. 组合；结合；联合体
搭配：combination of forms 形态的组合
二、高级固定搭配
1.depend upon 取决于；依靠（=depend on，后接名词 / 代词 / 动名词，正式用语）
原句：Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in 3 dimensions.
2.respond to 对…… 做出反应；回应（后接名词，可指感官 / 情感 / 行为上的反应）
原句：the ability to respond to form in 3 dimensions
3.in 3/2 dimensions 以三维 / 二维形式；在三维 / 二维空间中（表空间维度，固定介词搭配）
原句：form in 3 dimensions /shape in only two dimensions
4.by means of 借助；通过…… 方式（后接名词，正式用语，替代 by）
原句：develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge...
5.satisfy the requirements of 满足…… 的需求 / 要求（正式搭配，requirements 可替换为 needs/demands）
原句：having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity
6.go no further 不再进一步；止步不前（表动作 / 发展不再继续，可根据语境拓展）
原句：most people go no further
7.make an effort 做出努力（可加形容词修饰 effort，如 intellectual/emotional/every effort）
原句：do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort
8.think of and use 思考并运用（并列动词搭配，共用宾语，表 “认知 + 实践”）
原句：strive continually to think of and use form in its full spatial completeness
9.as it were 可以说；仿佛；在某种程度上（插入语，正式书面 / 口语均可，表委婉表述）
原句：He gets the solid shape as it were, inside his head.
10.enclose in 将…… 包裹在…… 中；围住（表空间上的包裹，被动式 be enclosed in 更常用）
原句：holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand
11.from all round 从…… 的各个角度；围绕……（后接名词，表空间方位）
原句：visualizes a complex form from all round itself
12.know what...is like 知道…… 是什么样子（表对事物特征的认知，宾语从句用法）
原句：he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like
13.identify oneself with 使自己与…… 融为一体；认同……（表情感 / 认知上的融合，正式用语）
原句：he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight
14.feel...as... 将…… 当作…… 来感受（表感官上的认知，后接名词 / 名词短语）
原句：learn to feel shape simply as shape
15.quite apart from 抛开…… 不谈；除…… 之外还（表排除，后接名词 / 代词 / 动名词，正式用语）
原句：quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea...
16.go on to do sth 接着做另一件事；继续做后续的事（与 go on doing sth 区分：后者表 “继续做同一件事”）
原句：From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms...
三、拓展高频搭配
（一）雕塑鉴赏相关
1.the art of sculpture 雕塑艺术
2.appreciate a sculpture 欣赏雕塑品
3.a sculptor's perspective 雕塑家的视角
4.artistic appreciation 艺术鉴赏力
5.sense of form 形态感
6.spatial awareness 空间感知能力
（二）形态 / 空间描述相关
1.three-dimensional form 立体形态
2.two-dimensional shape 二维形状
3.full spatial completeness 完整的空间形态
4.spatial structure 空间结构
5.solid volume 立体体积
6.physical mass and weight 物理质量与重量
7.complex spatial combination 复杂的空间组合
8.simple single form 简单单一的形态
（三）感官 / 认知相关
1.visual perception 视觉感知
2.tactile sense 触觉（对应课文 by means of touch）
3.mental visualization 脑海中的想象 / 勾勒
4.intellectual comprehension 智力上的理解
5.emotional response 情感上的反应
6.perceive form intuitively 直观地感知形态
7.judge spatial distances 判断空间距离
（四）通用艺术表达
1.works of art 艺术品
2.flat art forms 平面艺术形式（如绘画、插画）
3.three-dimensional art 立体艺术（如雕塑、建筑）
4.artistic observation 艺术观察
5.form and texture 形态与质感
句型
句式 1
原句：Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in 3 dimensions.
套用结构：Appreciation of ______ depends upon the ability to ______ in ______.
替换说明：①第一空填抽象名词 / 学科 / 艺术品类（如 literature/music/painting）；②第二空填动词短语（如 analyze details/understand connotation/perceive beauty）；③第三空填场景 / 维度短语（如 daily life/inner emotions/2 aspects）。
作文例句：Appreciation of literature depends upon the ability to understand connotation in daily life.
句式 2
原句：That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts.
套用结构：That is perhaps why ______ has been described as the most ______ of all ______.
替换说明：①第一空填单数名词（如 this method/writing/poetry）；②第二空填形容词最高级（如 practical/important/challenging）；③第三空填同类范畴名词（如 skills/subjects/arts）。
作文例句：That is perhaps why writing has been described as the most challenging of all subjects.
句式 3
原句：Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.
套用结构：Though they may attain considerable ______ in the ______ of ______, they do not make the further ______ effort needed to ______ ______ in its full ______.
替换说明：①依次填：抽象名词（如 progress/achievement）→ 名词（如 study/analysis）→ 名词（如 basic knowledge/simple theories）→ 形容词（如 mental/practical）→ 动词（如 master/grasp）→ 名词（如 knowledge/theory）→ 名词（如 scope/meaning）。
作文例句：Though they may attain considerable progress in the study of basic knowledge, they do not make the further mental effort needed to master knowledge in its full scope.
句式 4
原句：He must strive continually to think of and use, form in its full spatial completeness.
套用结构：We must strive continually to ______ and ______ ______ in its full ______.
替换说明：①第一、二空填并列动词 / 动词短语（如 learn/use; explore/apply; understand/practice）；②第三空填名词（如 knowledge/skill/method）；④第四空填名词（如 potential/function/significance）。
作文例句：We must strive continually to learn and use knowledge in its full potential.
句式 5
原句：From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms or combinations of several forms.
套用结构：From these we can go on to ______ more complex ______ or combinations of several ______.
替换说明：①第一空填动词（如 explore/study/analyze/create）；②第二、三空填同范畴名词（如 problems/theories; ideas/concepts; works/designs）。
作文例句：From these we can go on to study more complex problems or combinations of several theories.
