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新概念四册学习笔记(第36课)

  • 2026-03-24 14:37:56
新概念四册学习笔记(第36课)

Lesson 36 The cost of government

课文:

句子 1

原文If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together.

句子类型:复合句(条件状语从句 + 主句)

核心结构:条件状语从句 (If...) + 主句 (it is left to...to do...)

语法要点 If 引导真实条件状语从句; it 为形式主语,真正主语是 to hold it together be left to sb to do sth 留给某人做某事

释义:如果一个国家实质上四分五裂,维系统一的责任就落在政府身上。

句子 2

原文This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country.

句子类型:并列复合句(并列谓语 + 定语从句)

核心结构:主语 (This) + 并列谓语 (increases..., and reduces...) + 定语从句 (that...)

语法要点 and 连接两个并列谓语; that 引导限制性定语从句修饰 resources correspondingly 副词作状语; be used for doing sth 用于做某事

释义:这会增加政府开支,并相应减少可用于国家发展的经济资源总量。

句子 3

原文And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country.

句子类型:复合句(形式主语 + 主语从句)

核心结构:形式主语 (it) + 被动谓语 (should not be forgotten) + 真正主语 (how small...)

语法要点 it 为形式主语,真正主语是 how 引导的主语从句;被动语态表不应被忘记 poor and backward 并列修饰 country

释义:而且不应忘记,在贫穷落后的国家里,这些资源是多么有限。

句子 4

原文Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.

句子类型:复合句(地点状语从句 + 主句)

核心结构:地点状语从句 (Where...) + 主句 (resources...are low)

语法要点 Where 引导地点状语从句,此处表抽象 …… 情况下 for development 作后置定语修饰 resources

释义:政府成本高的地方,用于发展的资源就相应减少。

句子 5

原文This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise.

句子类型:简单句(被动语态)

核心结构:主语 (This) + 情态动词被动式 (may be illustrated) + 方式状语 (by comparing...)

语法要点被动语态 be illustrated by 通过…… 说明; compare A with B 把 与 对比; that 指代前面的 position 避免重复

释义:这一点可以通过对比国家与私营企业的状况来说明。

句子 6

原文An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business.

句子类型:简单句(主谓宾)

核心结构:主语 (An enterprise) + 谓语 (has to incur) + 宾语 (costs and expenses) + 目的状语 (in order to...)

语法要点 has to do 必须做; incur costs 承担成本; in order to 表目的

释义:企业为维持经营必须承担一定成本与开支。

句子 7

原文For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost--the cost of managing and administering the business.

句子类型:简单句(主系表)

核心结构:状语 (For our purposes) + 主语 (we) + 谓语 (are concerned with) + 宾语 (one kind of cost)

语法要点 be concerned with 关注;破折号表解释说明; managing and administering 并列作定语

释义:就我们的目的而言,我们只关注一种成本—— 企业的管理成本。

句子 8

原文Such administrative overheads in a business are analogous to the cost of government in a nation.

句子类型:简单句(主系表)

核心结构:主语 (administrative overheads) + 系动词 (are) + 表语 (analogous to...)

语法要点 be analogous to 相当于、类似于; administrative overheads 管理开支;两处 in 短语作后置定语

释义:企业的这种管理开支相当于一个国家的政府成本。

句子 9

原文The administrative overheads of a business are low to the extent that everyone working in the business can be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm.

句子类型:复合句(同位语从句 + 定语从句)

核心结构:主语 (overheads) + 系表 (are low) + 同位语从句 (that...) + 定语从句 (that...)

语法要点 to the extent that 引导同位语从句; working in the business 现在分词作定语; be trusted to do 被信赖做某事;第二个 that 引导定语从句修饰 way

释义:在企业员工都能被信赖、以最利于公司利益的方式行事的范围内,管理成本就低。

句子 10

原文If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overheads will be low.

句子类型:复合句(条件状语从句 + 主句)

核心结构:条件状语从句 (If...) + 主句 (overheads will be low)

语法要点 If 条件句; and 连接两个并列不定式; such...as... 结构; exercise initiative 发挥主动性; within one’s sphere 在职责范围内

释义:如果每个人都能被信赖承担责任,并在职责范围内发挥主动性,管理成本就会降低。

句子 11

原文It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else.

句子类型:复合句(原因状语从句)

核心结构:主句 (It will be low) + 原因状语从句 (because...)

语法要点 because 引导原因状语; it 为形式主语,真正主语 to have... without 后接动名词;三个不定式 to check/keep/report 并列

释义:成本之所以低,是因为每项工作只需一人负责,无需他人监督、约束并向上汇报。

句子 12

原文But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers and foremen and administrative overheads will rise correspondingly.

句子类型:并列复合句(条件状语从句 + 两个并列主句)

核心结构:条件状语从句 (if...) + 主句 1 (business will require...) + 主句 2 (overheads will rise)

语法要点 if 条件句; in a...manner …… 方式; armies of 大量; and 连接两个并列结果主句

释义:但如果没人能被信赖忠诚尽责地工作,企业就需要大批管理人员、监督员和工头,管理成本也会相应上升。

句子 13

原文As administrative overheads rise, so the earnings of the business after meeting the expense of administration, will fall.

句子类型:复合句(时间状语从句 + 倒装主句)

核心结构:状语从句 (As...) + 倒装主句 (so...will fall)

语法要点 As 引导伴随状语从句; so + 倒装表 ……” after meeting 介词短语作状语

释义:随着管理成本上升,扣除管理费用后的企业收益也会下降。

句子 14

原文and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.

句子类型:简单句(主谓宾)

核心结构:主语 (the business) + 谓语 (will have) + 宾语 (less money) + 并列定语 (to distribute...or invest...)

语法要点不定式 to distribute/to invest 并列作后置定语; distribute as dividends 分红; invest in 投资于

释义:企业可用于分红或直接投资未来发展的资金就会减少。

句子 15

原文It is precisely the same with a nation.

句子类型:简单句(主系表)

核心结构:主语 (It) + 系动词 (is) + 表语 (the same) + 状语 (with a nation)

语法要点 It is the same with... …… 也一样; precisely 强调语气

释义:国家的情况也完全如此。

句子 16

原文To the extent that the people can be relied on to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order.

句子类型:复合句(同位语从句 + 主句)

核心结构:状语 (to the extent that...) + 主句 (government does not require...)

语法要点 to the extent that 引导同位语从句; be relied on to do 被信赖做某事; keep sb in order 维持秩序

释义:只要人民能被信赖忠诚尽责,政府就无需大批警察和公务员来维持秩序。

句子 17

原文But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation.

句子类型:复合句(条件状语从句 + 宾语从句)

核心结构:条件状语从句 (if...) + 主句 宾语从句 (that...)

语法要点 if 条件句; be sure that 后接宾语从句; in the interests of 符合…… 利益

释义:但如果国家四分五裂,政府就无法确信人民的行为符合国家利益。

句子 18

原文and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly.

句子类型:简单句(主谓宾)

核心结构:主语 (it) + 谓语 (have to watch, check, control) + 宾语 (the people)

语法要点三个动词并列作谓语; accordingly 相应地

释义:因此政府必须相应地监督、检查和管控人民。

句子 19

原文A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.

句子类型:简单句(主谓宾)

核心结构:主语 (A disunited nation) + 谓语 (has to incur) + 宾语 (costs)

语法要点 disunited 过去分词作定语; therefore 因此; unduly 过分地、过高地

释义:因此,分裂的国家必须承担过高的政府成本。

词汇:

一、核心词汇

1.disunited /ˌdɪsjuˈnaɪtɪd/adj. 分裂的;不团结的

搭配:a disunited nation 分裂的国家

2.expense /ɪkˈspens/n. 开支;费用

搭配:the expense of government 政府开支

3.correspondingly /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndɪŋli/adv. 相应地;对应地

4.resource /rɪˈsɔːs/n. 资源

搭配:economic resources 经济资源

5.backward /ˈbækwəd/adj. 落后的

搭配:a poor and backward country 贫穷落后的国家

6.illustrate /ˈɪləstreɪt/v. 说明;阐明

搭配:be illustrated by 通过…… 说明

7.enterprise /ˈentəpraɪz/n. 企业;公司

8.incur /ɪnˈkɜː(r)/v. 招致;承担(成本等)

搭配:incur costs 承担成本

9.administrative /ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv/adj. 管理的;行政的

10.overheads /ˈəʊvəhedz/n. 日常开支;管理费用

11.analogous /əˈnæləɡəs/adj. 相似的;可类比的

搭配:be analogous to 类似于

12.promote /prəˈməʊt/v. 促进;推动

搭配:promote the interests 促进利益

13.initiative /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/n. 主动性;积极性

14.sphere /sfɪə(r)/n. 范围;领域

搭配:within one’s sphere 在某人职责范围内

15.loyal /ˈlɔɪəl/adj. 忠诚的

16.administrator /ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtə(r)/n. 管理人员

17.foreman /ˈfɔːmən/n. 工头;领班

18.dividend /ˈdɪvɪdend/n. 红利;股息

19.rely on依靠;信赖

20.civil servant公务员;文职人员

、高频短语

1.hold…together…… 维系在一起;使团结

2.be left to sb. to do sth.留给某人做某事

3.be used for doing sth.被用于做某事

4.compare A with B A 与 作比较

5.stay in business维持经营;继续营业

6.be concerned with关注;涉及

7.be analogous to相当于;类似于

8.be trusted to do sth.被信赖做某事

9.take responsibilities承担责任

10.exercise initiative发挥主动性

11.within one’s sphere在某人职责范围内

12.check upon检查;监督

13.keep sb. in line约束某人;使某人守规矩

14.in a…manner…… 方式

15.armies of大批的;大量的

16.distribute…as dividends作为红利分配

17.invest in投资于

18.be relied on to do sth.被信赖 / 依靠做某事

19.keep sb. in order维持秩序;使遵纪守法

20.in the interests of符合…… 的利益

三、拓展高频搭配

1.economic development经济发展

2.public administration公共管理

3.management cost管理成本

4.operating cost运营成本

5.reduce expenses减少开支

6.increase efficiency提高效率

7.lower administrative overheads降低管理费用

8.take the responsibility承担责任

9.act responsibly负责任地行事

10.be loyal to the organization忠于组织

11.promote national interests维护 / 促进国家利益

12.maintain social order维持社会秩序

13.supervise and control监督与管控

14.keep the country united保持国家统一

15.allocate resources分配资源

16.invest in development投资于发展

17.earn profits赚取利润

18.business operation企业运营

19.personal initiative个人主动性

20.within the scope of duty在职责范围之内

21.check work performance检查工作表现

22.report to the superior向上级汇报

23.government expenditure政府支出

24.civil service system公务员体系

25.law and order法治与秩序

26.national unity国家团结

27.financial resources财政资源

28.unduly high cost过高的成本

29.promote efficiency提升效率

30.behave in a disciplined way守规矩地行事

句型:

句式 1

原文Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.

原文翻译:政府成本高的地方,用于发展的资源就相应减少。

套用结构Where A is high, B is correspondingly low.

写作例句Where management cost is high, work efficiency is correspondingly low.

例句翻译:管理成本高的地方,工作效率就相应降低。

句式 2

原文To the extent that the people can be relied on to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order.

原文翻译:只要人民能被信赖以忠诚负责的态度行事,政府就无需大批警察和公务员来维持秩序。

套用结构To the extent that sb can be relied on to do A, sb does not need to do B.

写作例句To the extent that students can be relied on to obey rules, teachers do not need strict supervision.

例句翻译:只要学生能被信赖遵守规则,教师就无需严格监管。

句式 3

原文As administrative overheads rise, so the earnings of the business after meeting the expense of administration will fall.

原文翻译:随着管理开支上升,企业扣除管理费用后的收益也会下降。

套用结构As A rises, so B after doing C will fall.

写作例句As energy waste rises, so the profit of a company after paying bills will fall.

例句翻译:随着能源浪费增加,公司扣除费用后的利润也会下降。

句式 4

原文This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise.

原文翻译:这一点可以通过对比国家与私营企业的状况来说明。

套用结构This may be illustrated by comparing A with B.

写作例句This may be illustrated by comparing theory with practice.

例句翻译:这一点可以通过对比理论与实践来说明。

句式 5

原文A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.

原文翻译:因此,一个分裂的国家必须承担过高的政府成本。

套用结构A + 名词 + therefore has to incur unduly high + 名词.

写作例句An inefficient team therefore has to incur unduly high management costs.

例句翻译:因此,一个效率低下的团队必须承担过高的管理成本。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000858s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=no_67808;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001350s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.004635s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000605s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001282s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000493s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001393s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 475362 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.004225s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1774419069 WHERE `id` = 475362 [ RunTime:0.037443s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000651s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 475362 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001132s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 475362 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000936s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 475362 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.001501s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 475362 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.004832s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 475362 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.066341s ]
0.214260s