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《组织社会心理学》学习笔记 029

  • 2026-05-26 14:36:09
《组织社会心理学》学习笔记 029

接上期:《组织社会心理学》学习笔记 028

原文:The argument that organizational behavior is continuous with behavior in other settings can be made from a different perspective. There are several investigators who argue that action involves sequences of acts that unfold intact once they are triggered (e.g., Mandler 1964; Roby 1966). This assumption can be coupled with the further one that people notice those stimuli that enable response sequences to be unfolded:
参考译文:组织行为与其他场景中的行为相连续这一论点,可以从另一个视角来论证。有几位研究者认为,行动涉及行为的序列,这些序列一旦被触发,就会完整地展开。这一假设可以与另一个假设结合:人们注意那些能够使反应序列得以展开的刺激:
原文:An act is an impulse that maintains the life process by the selection of certain sorts of stimuli it needs. Thus, the organism creates its environment.The stimulus is the occasion for the expression of the impulse. Stimuli are means, tendency is the real thing. Intelligence is the selection of stimuli that will set free and maintain life and aid in rebuilding it (Mead 1956, p.120).
参考译文:一个行为是一种冲动,它通过选择自身所需的特定刺激来维持生命过程。因此,有机体创造其环境。刺激是冲动表达的契机。刺激是手段,倾向才是实质。智能就是选择刺激——这些刺激将释放并维持生命,且有助于重建生命。
💡学习笔记:
  1. Weick 将 Mead 的个体心理学扩展到组织层面——组织不是”发现"环境,而是"制定"环境;不是"适应"给定条件,而是"选择"条件来表达自身。
  2. Weick 通过 Mead 的实用主义哲学,将"行为连续性"论证推向了本体论深度:人不是被动反应环境的"刺激-反应机器",而是主动选择环境的"倾向表达者"。组织不是塑造人的"模具",而是人选择来表达已有冲动的"舞台"。因此,"组织行为"的独特性是一种幻觉——我们看到的不是"组织创造的新行为",而是"旧倾向在新刺激场中的表达"。
    真正的"知道你在做什么",意味着意识到:当你走进办公室时,你不是变成了"组织人",你只是带着同样的焦虑、同样的支配欲、同样的创造力,选择了一个允许这些倾向以特定方式表达的场景。而"组织",不过是这些选择累积而成的临时性地形——它被你制定,也制定着你,但归根结底,它无法创造一个新的你。

原文:To rephrase Mead's point, people notice stimuli that permit them to do what they want and/or need to do. Thus behavior can be viewed as responses in search of pretexts for expression. Though an organization may contain stimuli unlike those encountered in nonorganizational settings, these stimuli remain only potential stimuli until they are noticed. And Mead's point is that response repertoires control noticing. The person carries this repertoire and its implications for noticing everywhere. If an observer gains an understanding of response repertoires, and the conditions under which attention is controlled by the content of these repertoires, then a more substantial theory about organizations and behavior can be built. The theory would concentrate on attention as well as on action. It would essentially ask the question, "How are the processes and contents of attention influenced by the conditions of task-based interdependency found in those settings we conventionally designate as organizations?" Rendered in this form the question is complex, but it is also much more specific than the question, "What is organizational behavior and what affects it?" Defining organizational behavior in terms of processes of attention directs the investigator toward specific processes and properties within an organization that might ordinarily be overlooked. The investigator is sensitized to a specific set of events and behaviors in a way that is impossible given a more general definition of organizational behavior.
参考全文:换个说法重述Mead的观点:人们注意那些允许他们做自己想做的和/或需要做的事的刺激。因此,行为可以被视为寻求表达借口的反应。尽管组织可能包含与非组织场景不同的刺激,但这些刺激在被注意之前,始终只是潜在的刺激。而Mead的要点在于:反应库控制着注意。人随身携带着这个反应库及其对注意的影响,无处不在。如果观察者理解了反应库,以及注意被这些反应库内容所控制的条件,那么就可以建构一个更有实质内容的关于组织与行为的理论。这一理论将同时聚焦于注意与行动。它本质上将追问这样一个问题:"在那些我们通常称之为'组织'的场景中,基于任务的相互依赖性条件,如何影响注意的过程与内容?"以这种形式呈现,这个问题是复杂的,但它也比"什么是组织行为,什么影响它?"这个问题具体得多。以注意过程来定义组织行为,将研究者导向组织内通常可能被忽视的特定过程与属性。研究者被敏化于特定的事件与行为集合——这在更一般的"组织行为"定义下是不可能的。
💡学习笔记:
1. Weick在此对Mead的说法进行了创作性重述:
传统的因果逻辑是:
刺激(环境) → 引起 → 反应(行为)
"上司批评" → "我感到焦虑"
而Weick/Mead 的反转逻辑是:
反应(倾向/需要) → 寻找 → 刺激(借口/契机)
"我需要表达焦虑" → "我选择注意上司的批评"
也就是说,在Weick看来,行为不是被引起的,而是被寻找的,人带着预存的反应库,在环境中扫描能够许可表达的刺激。
2. Weick 在此完成了从哲学到方法论的跳跃:从 Mead 的"有机体创造环境",到"反应库控制注意",再到"以注意过程重新定义组织行为"。
这一重构的核心洞见是:组织行为不是"组织内发生的特殊行为",而是"普遍人性在组织特定注意条件下的表达"。研究者不应问"什么是组织行为",而应问"组织的任务相互依赖性如何塑造人的注意模式,而这些注意模式又如何许可特定行为的表达"。
这种定义更复杂,但也更具体——它让研究者敏化于那些通常被忽视的事件:什么被看见、什么被无视、什么被放大、什么被压缩。因为最终,组织不是由"行为"构成的,而是由"注意"构成的——由那些我们选择看、选择不看、以及我们不知道自己正在选择的过程构成的。知道这一点,就是真正"知道你在做什么"的开始。

原文:Walter Nord (1976) has recently taken issue with some of my gripes about the term organizational behavior, and he makes some good points. Nord notes, first, that the term serves as a useful reminder that problems within organizations must be approached at both the psychological and sociological level. Attention to both individual behavior and formal organizational properties are essential in this field, and the attractiveness of the phrase organizational behavior is that it is composed of a word from each of the two foundation disciplines. Thus the term is a useful reminder that interdisciplinary approaches should be directed at any inquiry into organizations, and a further reminder that organizations need to be examined as sites for both collective and individual behavior.
参考译文:沃尔特·诺德最近对我关于"组织行为"这一术语的一些抱怨提出了异议,而且他提出了一些好的观点。Nord首先指出,该术语作为一个有用的提醒——组织内的问题必须同时在心理学层面和社会学层面加以处理。在这一领域,同时关注个体行为和正式组织属性是必不可少的,而"组织行为"这一短语的吸引力在于:它由两个基础学科各取一词组合而成。因此,该术语是一个有用的提醒:任何对组织的探究都应采用跨学科方法;它也是一个进一步的提醒:组织需要被审视为集体行为和个体行为的场所。
💡学习笔记:
  1. Weick 对诺德的回应,是精致的学术礼仪:他承认对手的”好的观点",但不放弃自己的核心立场;他认可术语的"提醒功能",但不接受术语的"概念混淆";他尊重学科政治的"必要性",但追求更精确的理论语言。
  2. 这种"让步中的坚持"正是"知道你在做什么"的活生生的示范——知道学术争论不仅是关于"对错",更是关于"权衡";知道术语不仅是"描述工具",更是"政治妥协";知道理论建构不是"独白的真理",而是"对话中的临时共识"。
  3. 而 Weick 的终极选择——从"组织行为"转向"组织化"——不是对 诺德 的否定,而是对 诺德 的超越:既保留了跨学科的提醒功能,又获得了过程性的概念精确性。

原文:Nord's second point is that behavior may have continuity, but some determinants are more important in organizational settings than in other ones.He notes that formal authority has more important consequences for behavior inside organizations than outside. Other possibilities that Nord might have cited in this line of argument are that power is more important in organizational settings, and physical attraction is less so. The term organizational behavior also directs attention to a place, a hierarchy, circumscribed hours, input, output, transformation processes, accountability, effort expenditure, controls, finance, and competition.
参考译文:诺德的第二个论点是:行为或许具有连续性,但某些决定因素在组织场景中比其他场景中更为重要。他指出,正式权威对组织内行为的后果,比其对组织外行为的后果更为重要。沿着这一论证路线,诺德本可以引用的其他可能性包括:权力在组织场景中更为重要,而身体吸引力则较不重要。"组织行为"这一术语还将注意导向一个场所、一种层级、限定的时间、投入、产出、转化过程、问责制、努力支出、控制、财务以及竞争。
💡学习笔记:
  1. Weick 对诺德第二点回应的深层逻辑是:诺德正确地指出了"组织行为"术语的"提醒功能"——它让研究者注意正式权威、层级、问责等特征。但 Weick 警惕的是,这种”提醒"同时也是"遮蔽"——它系统性地让研究者忽视身体吸引力、情感亲密、自发互动等"非组织"特征。
  2. 更危险的是,这种遮蔽不是中性的:因为研究者被训练去注意”权力",所以他们发现权力"重要";因为他们忽视"情感",所以他们发现情感"不重要"。这不是"发现"组织的独特性,而是"制造"组织的独特性。真正的"知道你在做什么",意味着意识到:当你说"正式权威在组织中更重要"时,你不仅仅在描述一个经验事实,你在执行一种注意的政治学——一种通过术语的选择性放大来"制定"组织现实的认知暴力。
  3. 而 Weick 的替代方案——"组织化"——试图消解这种暴力:不是问"组织中什么更重要",而是问"人如何在不同场景中选择注意什么,以及这些选择如何临时性地构成我们称之为'组织'的那些关系性事件?"
(下一期,我们继续学习)

本文选自卡尔·E·韦克《组织化的社会心理学(第二版)》相关章节,原书为:The Social Psychology of Organizing (Second Edition),Karl E. Weick ,ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY,1979。为阅读及排版便利,参考译文中删去了部分注释,有需要的读者可参考原文。

声明:本笔记内容为个人研读管理学的学习笔记,包括:对原文的个人翻译、个人解读、逻辑梳理、思考评论及知识拓展等内容。学习笔记仅代表个人观点,仅用于学术交流及免费分享,无任何商业目的。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000487s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=no_67808;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000752s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000340s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000242s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000541s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000202s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000783s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 490895 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000943s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1779780557 WHERE `id` = 490895 [ RunTime:0.011575s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000403s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 490895 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000824s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 490895 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000514s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 490895 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.003671s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 490895 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.001156s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 490895 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.006215s ]
0.108293s