Lesson 42 Modern cavemen
课文原文：
Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport.
洞穴勘查—— 或洞穴探险，正如人们所熟知的那样 —— 是一项相对较新的运动。
Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth.
也许是寻求独处的渴望，或是一次意外发现的机会，吸引着人们深入地球深处。
It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for a pot-holer's motives.
要想对洞穴探险者的动机给出令人满意的解释是不可能的。
For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber.
对他来说，洞穴有着高山对登山者那样独特的魅力。
They arouse instincts which can only be dimly understood.
它们唤起了人们只能模糊理解的本能。
Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler.
探测真正深邃的洞穴，可不是周日下午散步者的任务。
Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations.
这类活动需要像军事行动那样周密的计划和远见。
It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave.
在进入极深的洞穴之前，搭建绳梯和建立补给基地可能需要长达八天的时间。
Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the pot-holer.
这样的防范措施是必要的，因为无法预测洞穴探险者将会面临的困难的确切性质。
The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble.
世界上已知最深的洞穴是格勒诺布尔附近的古弗尔・贝尔热洞穴。
It extends to a depth of 3,723 feet.
它的深度可达 3723 英尺。
This immense chasm has been formed by an underground stream which has tunnelled a course through a flaw in the rocks.
这个巨大的洞穴是由一条地下溪流形成的，它在岩石的裂缝中冲刷出了一条通道。
The entrance to the cave is on a plateau in the Dauphiné Alps.
洞穴的入口位于多菲内阿尔卑斯山脉的一处高原上。
As it is only six feet across, it is barely noticeable.
因为它只有 6 英尺宽，几乎不为人注意。
The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French pot-holer, Berger.
若不是法国著名洞穴探险家贝尔热发现了这个入口，这个洞穴可能永远也不会被人发现。
Since its discovery, it has become a sort of pot-holers’ Everest.
自被发现以来，它就成了洞穴探险界的“珠穆朗玛峰”。
Though a number of descents have been made, much of it still remains to be explored.
尽管人们已经多次下探，但洞穴的大部分仍有待探索。
A team of pot-holers recently went down the Gouffre Berger.
一支洞穴探险队最近进入了古弗尔・贝尔热洞穴。
After entering the narrow gap on the plateau, they climbed down the steep sides of the cave until they came to a narrow corridor.
进入高原上的狭窄入口后，他们沿着洞穴陡峭的岩壁向下攀爬，来到一条狭窄的通道。
They had to edge their way along this, sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming across deep pools.
他们不得不沿着通道侧身前行，有时蹚过浅浅的溪流，有时游过深深的水潭。
Suddenly they came to a waterfall which dropped into an underground lake at the bottom of the cave.
突然，他们来到一处瀑布前，瀑布倾泻而下，落入洞穴底部的一个地下湖中。
They plunged into the lake, and after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, let the current carry them to the other side.
他们跳入湖中，把装备装上充气橡皮艇，然后任由水流把他们带到对岸。
To protect themselves from the icy water, they had to wear special rubber suits.
为了抵御冰冷的湖水，他们不得不穿上特制的橡胶服。
At the far end of the lake, they came to huge piles of rubble which had been washed up by the water.
在湖的尽头，他们遇到了一大堆被水冲上来的碎石。
In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.
在洞穴的这一部分，他们听到一种持续不断的轰鸣声，后来发现那是一股小水柱从洞顶射入水潭发出的声音。
Squeezing through a cleft in the rocks, the pot-holers arrived at an enormous cavern, the size of a huge concert hall.
挤过岩石的裂缝后，探险者们来到了一个巨大的洞穴，大小如同一座大型音乐厅。
After switching on powerful arc lights, they saw great stalagmites — some of them over forty feet high — rising up like tree-trunks to meet the stalactites suspended from the roof.
打开强力弧光灯后，他们看到了巨大的石笋—— 有些高达 40 多英尺 —— 像树干一样向上生长，与洞顶垂下的钟乳石相接。
Round about, piles of limestone glistened in all the colours of the rainbow.
周围，成堆的石灰岩闪耀着彩虹般的各种色彩。
In the eerie silence of the cavern, the only sound that could be heard was made by water which dripped continuously from the high dome above them.
在洞穴那令人毛骨悚然的寂静中，唯一能听到的声音是从他们头顶高高的穹顶上不断滴落的水声。
课文分析
1. Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport.
·句子类型：陈述句（主系表结构）
·核心结构：主语(Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as it has come to be known) + 系动词(is) + 表语(a relatively new sport)
·语法要点：
1.插入语or pot-holing是Cave exploration的同位语，用来补充说明术语。
2.非限制性定语从句as it has come to be known修饰前面的名词，as意为“正如、如同”；come to be known是固定搭配，表示“逐渐被人们熟知”。
3.relatively是副词，修饰形容词new。
·释义：洞穴勘查—— 或洞穴探险，正如人们所熟知的那样 —— 是一项相对较新的运动。
2. Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth.
·句子类型：陈述句（强调句型）
·核心结构：It is + 被强调部分(the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery) + that + 谓语(lures people down to the depths of the earth)
·语法要点：
1.这是 it is…that… 强调句型，被强调的是句子的主语部分。去掉强调结构，原句为：The desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery lures people down to the depths of the earth.
2.desire for sth.表示“对…… 的渴望”；chance of doing sth.表示“做某事的机会”。
3.lure sb. to/down to…意为“引诱 / 吸引某人到……”。
·释义：也许是寻求独处的渴望，或是一次意外发现的机会，吸引着人们深入地球深处。
3. It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for a pot-holer's motives.
·句子类型：陈述句（形式主语句）
·核心结构：形式主语(It) + 系动词(is) + 表语(impossible) + 真正主语(to give a satisfactory explanation for a pot-holer's motives)
·语法要点：
1.It is + 形容词 + to do sth.是固定句型，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式短语。
2.give an explanation for sth.意为“对某事作出解释”；satisfactory是形容词，修饰explanation。
3.pot-holer's motives是名词所有格，表示“洞穴探险者的动机”。
·释义：要想对洞穴探险者的动机给出令人满意的解释是不可能的。
4. For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber.
·句子类型：陈述句（含定语从句的复合句）
·核心结构：状语(For him) + 主语(caves) + 谓语(have) + 宾语(the same peculiar fascination) + 定语从句(which high mountains have for the climber)
·语法要点：
1.the same…which/that…结构表示“和…… 一样的……”，这里的 which引导定语从句，修饰先行词fascination。
2.peculiar fascination意为“独特的魅力”；have fascination for sb.表示“对某人有吸引力 / 魅力”。
3.从句还原：high mountains have (the same fascination) for the climber，与主句形成类比。
·释义：对他来说，洞穴有着高山对登山者那样独特的魅力。
5. They arouse instincts which can only be dimly understood.
·句子类型：陈述句（含定语从句的被动语态复合句）
·核心结构：主语(They) + 谓语(arouse) + 宾语(instincts) + 定语从句(which can only be dimly understood)
·语法要点：
1.which引导定语从句修饰先行词instincts，从句使用被动语态can be understood。
2.dimly是副词，修饰动词understood，意为“模糊地、朦胧地”。
3.arouse instincts意为“唤起本能”。
·释义：它们唤起了人们只能模糊理解的本能。
6. Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler.
·句子类型：陈述句（动名词作主语的主系表结构）
·核心结构：主语(Exploring really deep caves) + 系动词(is) + 表语(not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler)
·语法要点：
1.动名词短语Exploring really deep caves在句中作主语，谓语动词用单数is。
2.for the Sunday afternoon rambler是介词短语作后置定语，修饰task。
3.rambler意为“漫步者、散步者”。
·释义：探测真正深邃的洞穴，可不是周日下午散步者的任务。
7. Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations.
·句子类型：陈述句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语(Such undertakings) + 谓语(require) + 宾语(the precise planning and foresight of military operations)
·语法要点：
1.undertakings意为“事业、活动、任务”，这里指洞穴探险这类活动。
2.precise planning（周密计划）和foresight（远见）并列作宾语。
3.of military operations是介词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的planning and foresight，表示“军事行动所具备的”。
·释义：这类活动需要像军事行动那样周密的计划和远见。
8. It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a descent can be made into a very deep cave.
·句子类型：陈述句（含时间状语从句的复合句）
·核心结构：形式主语(It) + 谓语(can take) + 宾语(as long as eight days) + 真正主语(to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases) + 时间状语从句(before a descent can be made into a very deep cave)
·语法要点：
1.It takes (sb.) some time to do sth.固定句型，这里用了情态动词can，表示“可能需要…… 时间”。
2.as long as此处意为“长达……”，不是 “只要”。
3.rig up意为“临时搭建”；establish supply bases意为“建立补给基地”。
4.时间状语从句中使用了被动语态a descent can be made，即“可以进行一次下探”。
·释义：在进入极深的洞穴之前，搭建绳梯和建立补给基地可能需要长达八天的时间。
9. Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the pot-holer.
·句子类型：并列复合句（含原因状语从句 + 定语从句）
·核心结构：主句(Precautions of this sort are necessary) + 原因状语从句(for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties) + 定语从句(which will confront the pot-holer)
·语法要点：
1.for在此处是并列连词，意为“因为”，补充说明主句的原因。
2.从句中it is impossible to foretell…是形式主语句，it为形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语。
3.which引导定语从句修饰difficulties；confront sb.意为“使某人面临 / 遭遇……”。
·释义：这样的防范措施是必要的，因为无法预测洞穴探险者将会面临的困难的确切性质。
10. The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble.
·句子类型：陈述句（主系表结构）
·核心结构：主语(The deepest known cave in the world) + 系动词(is) + 表语(the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble)
·语法要点：
1.deepest known是形容词短语作定语修饰cave，known意为“已知的”。
2.in the world是介词短语作后置定语，修饰cave。
3.near Grenoble是介词短语作后置定语，修饰the Gouffre Berger，表示位置。
·释义：世界上已知最深的洞穴是格勒诺布尔附近的古弗尔・贝尔热洞穴。
11. It extends to a depth of 3,723 feet.
·句子类型：陈述句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语(It) + 谓语(extends) + 状语(to a depth of 3,723 feet)
·语法要点：
1.extend to + 距离/深度意为“延伸至……”。
2.a depth of…表示“…… 的深度”。
·释义：它的深度可达 3723 英尺。
12. This immense chasm has been formed by an underground stream which has tunnelled a course through a flaw in the rocks.
·句子类型：陈述句（被动语态 + 定语从句的复合句）
·核心结构：主语(This immense chasm) + 被动谓语(has been formed) + 状语(by an underground stream) + 定语从句(which has tunnelled a course through a flaw in the rocks)
·语法要点：
1.主句使用现在完成时的被动语态has been formed by…，表示“由…… 形成”。
2.which引导定语从句修饰先行词stream；tunnel a course此处为动词用法，意为“冲出 / 冲刷出一条通道”。
3.through a flaw in the rocks意为“穿过岩石的裂缝”。
·释义：这个巨大的洞穴是由一条地下溪流形成的，它在岩石的裂缝中冲刷出了一条通道。
13. The entrance to the cave is on a plateau in the Dauphiné Alps.
·句子类型：陈述句（主系表结构）
·核心结构：主语(The entrance to the cave) + 系动词(is) + 表语(on a plateau in the Dauphiné Alps)
·语法要点：
1.the entrance to sth.是固定搭配，表示“…… 的入口”。
2.on a plateau意为“在高原上”；in the Dauphiné Alps是介词短语作后置定语，修饰plateau。
·释义：洞穴的入口位于多菲内阿尔卑斯山脉的一处高原上。
14. As it is only six feet across, it is barely noticeable.
·句子类型：陈述句（含原因状语从句的复合句）
·核心结构：原因状语从句(As it is only six feet across) + 主句(it is barely noticeable)
·语法要点：
1.as引导原因状语从句，意为“因为、由于”。
2.across此处为副词，表示“宽、直径为……”；barely noticeable意为“几乎不被注意到”，barely表示“几乎不、勉强”。
·释义：因为它只有 6 英尺宽，几乎不为人注意。
15. The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French pot-holer, Berger.
·句子类型：虚拟条件句（倒装的含蓄条件句）
·核心结构：主句(The cave might never have been discovered) + 倒装的条件状语从句(had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French pot-holer, Berger)
·语法要点：
1.这是对过去情况的虚拟语气，完整形式为If the entrance had not been spotted…, the cave might never have been discovered…。
2.条件从句中省略了if，将助动词had提前构成倒装：had not the entrance been spotted。
3.spot意为“发现、认出”；distinguished意为“著名的、杰出的”。
·释义：若不是法国著名洞穴探险家贝尔热发现了这个入口，这个洞穴可能永远也不会被人发现。
16. Since its discovery, it has become a sort of pot-holers’ Everest.
·句子类型：陈述句（现在完成时）
·核心结构：状语(Since its discovery) + 主语(it) + 谓语(has become) + 表语(a sort of pot-holers’ Everest)
·语法要点：
1.since + 名词短语作时间状语，主句用现在完成时has become。
2.a sort of意为“一种、可以说是”；pot-holers’ Everest是比喻用法，意为“洞穴探险界的珠穆朗玛峰”，表示难度极高、极具挑战性的目标。
·释义：自被发现以来，它就成了洞穴探险界的“珠穆朗玛峰”。
17. Though a number of descents have been made, much of it still remains to be explored.
·句子类型：陈述句（含让步状语从句的复合句）
·核心结构：让步状语从句(Though a number of descents have been made) + 主句(much of it still remains to be explored)
·语法要点：
1.though引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然、尽管”。
2.a number of descents have been made使用被动语态，表示“人们已经进行了多次下探”。
3.remain to be done是固定搭配，意为“有待被……”；much of it指代洞穴的大部分区域。
·释义：尽管人们已经多次下探，但洞穴的大部分仍有待探索。
18. A team of pot-holers recently went down the Gouffre Berger.
·句子类型：陈述句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语(A team of pot-holers) + 状语(recently) + 谓语(went down) + 宾语(the Gouffre Berger)
·语法要点：
1.a team of…意为“一队、一组……”。
2.go down + 地点此处意为“进入、下到……”。
·释义：一支洞穴探险队最近进入了古弗尔・贝尔热洞穴。
19. After entering the narrow gap on the plateau, they climbed down the steep sides of the cave until they came to a narrow corridor.
·句子类型：陈述句（含时间状语从句的复合句）
·核心结构：时间状语(After entering the narrow gap on the plateau) + 主句(they climbed down the steep sides of the cave) + 时间状语从句(until they came to a narrow corridor)
·语法要点：
1.after + 动名词短语作时间状语，相当于After they entered…。
2.climb down the steep sides意为“沿着陡峭的岩壁向下攀爬”。
3.until引导时间状语从句，意为“直到……”。
·释义：进入高原上的狭窄入口后，他们沿着洞穴陡峭的岩壁向下攀爬，来到一条狭窄的通道。
20. They had to edge their way along this, sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming across deep pools.
·句子类型：陈述句（主谓宾结构，含伴随状语）
·核心结构：主语(They) + 谓语(had to edge their way along this) + 伴随状语(sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming across deep pools)
·语法要点：
1.had to表示“不得不”；edge one's way along…意为“侧身慢慢前行、小心翼翼地沿着…… 移动”。
2.现在分词短语wading…和swimming…作伴随状语，表示“一边前行，一边……”。
3.wade across意为“蹚水穿过”；swim across意为“游过”。
·释义：他们不得不沿着通道侧身前行，有时蹚过浅浅的溪流，有时游过深深的水潭。
21. Suddenly they came to a waterfall which dropped into an underground lake at the bottom of the cave.
·句子类型：陈述句（含定语从句的复合句）
·核心结构：状语(Suddenly) + 主句(they came to a waterfall) + 定语从句(which dropped into an underground lake at the bottom of the cave)
·语法要点：
1.come to + 地点意为“来到……”。
2.which引导定语从句修饰先行词waterfall；drop into意为“落入、坠入”。
3.at the bottom of the cave意为“在洞穴的底部”。
·释义：突然，他们来到一处瀑布前，瀑布倾泻而下，落入洞穴底部的一个地下湖中。
22. They plunged into the lake, and after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, let the current carry them to the other side.
·句子类型：并列句（含时间状语）
·核心结构：分句1(They plunged into the lake) + 并列连词(and) + 分句2(after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, let the current carry them to the other side)
·语法要点：
1.两个并列分句共用主语they，第二个分句中they被省略。
2.plunge into意为“跳入、冲进”。
3.after + 动名词短语作时间状语；load sth. on sth.意为“把某物装上……”；inflatable rubber dinghy意为“充气橡皮艇”。
4.let sb./sth. do sth.意为“让某人 / 某物做某事”；carry sb. to…意为“把某人带到……”。
·释义：他们跳入湖中，把装备装上充气橡皮艇，然后任由水流把他们带到对岸。
23. To protect themselves from the icy water, they had to wear special rubber suits.
·句子类型：陈述句（目的状语前置）
·核心结构：目的状语(To protect themselves from the icy water) + 主句(they had to wear special rubber suits)
·语法要点：
1.不定式短语to protect…作目的状语，意为“为了……”。
2.protect sb. from sth.是固定搭配，意为“保护某人免受…… 伤害”。
3.icy water意为“冰冷的湖水”；special rubber suits意为“特制的橡胶服”。
·释义：为了抵御冰冷的湖水，他们不得不穿上特制的橡胶服。
24. At the far end of the lake, they came to huge piles of rubble which had been washed up by the water.
·句子类型：陈述句（含定语从句的复合句）
·核心结构：状语(At the far end of the lake) + 主句(they came to huge piles of rubble) + 定语从句(which had been washed up by the water)
·语法要点：
1.at the far end of…意为“在…… 的尽头”。
2.huge piles of rubble意为“一大堆碎石”。
3.which引导定语从句修饰rubble，从句使用过去完成时的被动语态had been washed up，表示“被水冲上来的”。
·释义：在湖的尽头，他们遇到了一大堆被水冲上来的碎石。
25. In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.
·句子类型：陈述句（含多层定语从句的复合句）
·核心结构：状语(In this part of the cave) + 主句(they could hear an insistent booming sound) + 定语从句(which they found was caused by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave)
·语法要点：
1.insistent booming sound意为“持续不断的轰鸣声”。
2.which引导定语从句修饰sound，从句中they found是插入语，主干为which was caused by…。
3.shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰waterspout，表示“从洞顶射入水潭的”。
·释义：在洞穴的这一部分，他们听到一种持续不断的轰鸣声，后来发现那是一股小水柱从洞顶射入水潭发出的声音。
26. Squeezing through a cleft in the rocks, the pot-holers arrived at an enormous cavern, the size of a huge concert hall.
·句子类型：陈述句（含伴随状语的主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：伴随状语(Squeezing through a cleft in the rocks) + 主语(the pot-holers) + 谓语(arrived at) + 宾语(an enormous cavern) + 同位语(the size of a huge concert hall)
·语法要点：
1.现在分词短语Squeezing through…作伴随状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语the pot-holers，表示“挤过……”。
2.arrive at + 地点意为“到达……”；enormous cavern意为“巨大的洞穴”。
3.the size of a huge concert hall是名词短语作同位语，补充说明cavern的大小，相当于which is the size of…。
·释义：挤过岩石的裂缝后，探险者们来到了一个巨大的洞穴，大小如同一座大型音乐厅。
27. After switching on powerful arc lights, they saw great stalagmites — some of them over forty feet high — rising up like tree-trunks to meet the stalactites suspended from the roof.
·句子类型：陈述句（含插入语、伴随状语的主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：时间状语(After switching on powerful arc lights) + 主句(they saw great stalagmites) + 插入语(some of them over forty feet high) + 宾语补足语(rising up like tree-trunks to meet the stalactites suspended from the roof)
·语法要点：
1.after + 动名词短语作时间状语；switch on意为“打开（灯）”；powerful arc lights意为“强力弧光灯”。
2.some of them over forty feet high是插入语，补充说明stalagmites。
3.see sth. doing sth.结构中，现在分词rising up…作宾语补足语，表示“看到某物正在做某事”。
4.like tree-trunks是比喻用法，意为“像树干一样”；to meet the stalactites作目的状语，意为“与钟乳石相接”；suspended from the roof是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰stalactites，意为“从洞顶垂下的”。
·释义：打开强力弧光灯后，他们看到了巨大的石笋—— 有些高达 40 多英尺 —— 像树干一样向上生长，与洞顶垂下的钟乳石相接。
28. Round about, piles of limestone glistened in all the colours of the rainbow.
·句子类型：陈述句（主谓结构）
·核心结构：状语(Round about) + 主语(piles of limestone) + 谓语(glistened) + 状语(in all the colours of the rainbow)
·语法要点：
1.round about意为“周围、四处”。
2.piles of limestone意为“成堆的石灰岩”；glisten意为“闪烁、发光”。
3.in all the colours of the rainbow意为“呈现出彩虹般的各种色彩”。
·释义：周围，成堆的石灰岩闪耀着彩虹般的各种色彩。
29. In the eerie silence of the cavern, the only sound that could be heard was made by water which dripped continuously from the high dome above them.
·句子类型：陈述句（含多层定语从句的复合句）
·核心结构：状语(In the eerie silence of the cavern) + 主句(the only sound was made by water) + 定语从句1(that could be heard) + 定语从句2(which dripped continuously from the high dome above them)
·语法要点：
1.in the eerie silence of the cavern意为“在洞穴那令人毛骨悚然的寂静中”。
2.the only sound that could be heard中，that引导定语从句修饰sound，从句使用被动语态。
3.主句使用被动语态was made by water，表示“由水发出的”。
4.which dripped continuously…引导定语从句修饰water，表示“不断滴落的水”；high dome意为“高高的穹顶”。
·释义：在洞穴那令人毛骨悚然的寂静中，唯一能听到的声音是从他们头顶高高的穹顶上不断滴落的水声。
词汇分析
一、核心词汇
1.exploration /ˌekspləˈreɪʃn/n. 勘探，探险
2.pot-holing /ˈpɒthəʊlɪŋ/n. 洞穴探险
3.solitude /ˈsɒlɪtjuːd/n. 独处，幽静
4.lure /lʊə(r)/v. 引诱，吸引 n. 诱惑力
5.motive /ˈməʊtɪv/n. 动机，缘由
6.peculiar /pɪˈkjuːliə(r)/adj. 独特的，奇特的
7.fascination /ˌfæsɪˈneɪʃn/n. 魅力，迷恋
8.instinct /ˈɪnstɪŋkt/n. 本能，天性
9.rambler /ˈræmblə(r)/n. 漫步者，闲逛者
10.undertaking /ˌʌndəˈteɪkɪŋ/n. 艰巨任务，事业
11.foresight /ˈfɔːsaɪt/n. 远见，先见之明
12.precaution /prɪˈkɔːʃn/n. 预防措施，防备
13.foretell /fɔːˈtel/v. 预言，预判
14.confront /kənˈfrʌnt/v. 面临，遭遇
15.chasm /ˈkæzəm/n. 深坑，峡谷
16.flaw /flɔː/n. 裂缝，瑕疵
17.plateau /ˈplætəʊ/n. 高原
18.distinguished /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/adj. 杰出的，著名的
19.corridor /ˈkɒrɪdɔː(r)/n. 通道，走廊
20.wade /weɪd/v. 蹚水，跋涉
21.plunge /plʌndʒ/v. 纵身跳入，猛冲
22.icy /ˈaɪsi/adj. 冰冷的，严寒的
23.rubble /ˈrʌbl/n. 碎石，瓦砾
24.insistent /ɪnˈsɪstənt/adj. 持续不断的，反复的
25.boom /buːm/n. 隆隆声 v. 轰鸣
26.cleft /kleft/n. 裂缝，裂口
27.enormous /ɪˈnɔːməs/adj. 巨大的，庞大的
28.stalagmite /ˈstæləɡmaɪt/n. 石笋
29.stalactite /ˈstæləktaɪt/n. 钟乳石
30.glisten /ˈɡlɪsn/v. 闪闪发光，闪耀
31.eerie /ˈɪəri/adj. 诡异的，阴森的
32.dome /dəʊm/n. 穹顶，圆顶
二、高级固定搭配
1.come to be known逐渐为人所知
解析：书面高级表达，替代普通be known as
2.desire for solitude渴望独处
解析：情感类高分搭配，雅思作文适用
3.make an unexpected discovery有意外发现
4.give a satisfactory explanation for为…… 作出圆满解释
写作万能：解释观点、现象专用
5.arouse instincts唤起本能
6.rig up rope ladders临时搭建绳梯
rig up：临时仓促搭建（地道书面短语）
7.establish supply bases建立补给基地
8.confront difficulties直面 / 遭遇困境
9.extend to a depth of延伸至…… 深度
10.a flaw in the rocks岩石缝隙
11.the entrance to sth.…… 的入口（固定介词 to）
12.a sort of可以说是，近乎
13.remain to be explored尚待探索
超级高频：remain to be done 有待被……
14.edge one’s way along侧身小心翼翼前行
15.wade across streams蹚过溪流
16.plunge into water纵身跳入水中
17.protect oneself from icy water抵御冰水侵袭
18.wash up by water被水流冲刷上来
19.squeeze through a cleft挤过缝隙
20.switch on lights打开灯光
21.suspend from the roof从顶部垂落
22.drip continuously不断滴落
三、拓展高频搭配
1. lure 相关
·lure sb. to sp. 吸引某人去往某地
·lure sb. into doing sth. 引诱某人做某事
2. motive 相关
·hidden motive 隐藏动机
·main motive 主要动机
·motive for doing sth. 做某事的动机
3. fascination 相关
·hold a fascination for sb. 对某人极具吸引力
·endless fascination 无尽魅力
4. confront 相关
·be confronted with 面临（状态）
·confront reality 直面现实
5. precaution 相关
·take precautions against 预防……
·safety precautions 安全防范措施
6. exploration 相关
·space exploration 太空探索
·field exploration 实地考察
7. solitude 相关
·live in solitude 独居独处
·seek solitude 寻求清静
8. enormous 同义替换（写作升级）
enormous = immense = vast = tremendous 巨大的
9. satisfactory 高分替换
satisfactory = fulfilling = adequate 令人满意的
10. drip 场景搭配
·rain drip down 雨水滴落
·sweat drip 汗水流淌
句型分析
1）强调句：It is the desire for … that …（“正是某种欲望驱使人们……”）
课文原句
Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures people down to the depths of the earth.
套用公式
It is the desire for A / the chance of doing B that lures / drives / motivates sb. to do C.
作文示例句
Perhaps it is the desire for freedom or the chance of realizing their potential that drives young people to pursue higher education.
翻译
或许正是对自由的渴望，或是实现自我潜能的机会，驱使年轻人追求更高层次的教育。
2）类比句型：For him, X have the same fascination which Y have for Z.（“对他而言，X 对他的魅力如同 Y 对 Z 的魅力”）
课文原句
For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber.
套用公式
For sb., A have the same peculiar / extraordinary fascination which B have for C.
作文示例句
For many readers, books have the same extraordinary fascination which movies have for film lovers.
翻译
对许多读者而言，书籍所具有的非凡魅力，正如电影对影迷的魅力一样。
3）形式主语万能句：It is impossible to …（“…… 是不可能的 / 很难做到的”）
课文原句
It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for a pot-holer's motives.
套用公式
It is impossible to give a satisfactory / convincing / comprehensive explanation for / to do sth.
作文示例句
It is impossible to give a comprehensive explanation for the rapid changes in modern technology.
翻译
要对现代科技的飞速变化给出全面的解释是不可能的。
4）虚拟语气倒装：… might never have been discovered had not …（“若非……，某事永远不会被发现 / 发生”）
课文原句
The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the distinguished French pot-holer, Berger.
套用公式
Sth. might never have been done had not sb. done sth.
（= If sb. had not done sth., sth. might never have been done.）
作文示例句
Many great inventions might never have been created had not scientists devoted themselves to continuous exploration.
翻译
若非科学家们投身于不断的探索，许多伟大的发明或许永远不会被创造出来。
5）“有待被……” 高分句：… still remains to be explored /solved/addressed
课文原句
Though a number of descents have been made, much of it still remains to be explored.
套用公式
Though sth. has been done, much of it / many problems still remain to be explored / solved / discussed / addressed.
作文示例句
Though some measures have been taken, many environmental problems still remain to be addressed.
翻译
尽管已经采取了一些措施，许多环境问题仍有待解决。
