Lesson 53 In the public interest
课文分析：
The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies.
斯堪的纳维亚半岛各国因其开明的社会政策而受到全世界的推崇。
Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from high-handed or incompetent public officers.
瑞典发展出了一套完善的制度，用以保护公民免受专横或无能的公职人员的侵害。
The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries too.
这套制度效果极佳，因此也被其他国家所采用。
The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public.
瑞典人最先认识到，公务员、警察、卫生检查员或税务员这类公职人员，也可能犯错，或是出于自以为在为公众服务的想法而做出过激行为。
As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual.
早在 1809 年，瑞典议会就推出了一项保护个人利益的方案。
A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.
一个由各政党代表组成的议会委员会，会任命一名合格的人员，负责调查公民对国家的申诉。
The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the 'J.O.' or 'Ombudsman'.
该官员的正式头衔是“司法特派员”，但瑞典人通常称他为“J.O.”或“监察专员”。
The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure.
监察专员不受政治压力的影响。
He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society.
他受理来自社会各阶层的、大大小小的申诉并进行调查。
As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1,200 letters a year.
由于申诉必须以书面形式提出，监察专员平均每年会收到 1200 封信件。
He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and he examines every single letter in detail.
他有 8 名律师助理协助工作，并且会仔细审阅每一封信件。
There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection.
监察专员的工作没有任何秘密可言，他的信件往来是向公众公开的。
If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf.
如果公民的申诉合理，监察专员会代表他采取行动。
The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.
他采取的行动会根据申诉的性质而有所不同。
He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered.
他可能会温和地斥责一名官员，甚至会向议会建议修改某项法律。
The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work.
下面这个案例就是监察专员工作的典型例子。
A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner.
一名住在瑞典村庄里的外国人写信给监察专员，申诉自己仅仅因为是外国人就遭到了警察的虐待。
The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case.
监察专员立刻致函该地区的警察局长，要求他提供此案的记录。
There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police strongly denied the accusation.
记录中没有任何内容能证明这名外国人的申诉是合理的，警察局长也强烈否认了这一指控。
It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter.
监察专员当时无法采取行动，但当他收到同村另一名外国人的类似申诉时，他立刻派了一名律师去调查此事。
The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions.
律师查明，确实有一名警察曾多次粗暴对待外国人。
The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files.
这名警察对外国人存有偏见这一事实，无法被记录在官方档案中。
It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts.
监察专员只能通过派代表核实事实的方式查明真相。
The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted.
该警察受到了严厉的斥责，并被告知如果再有人对他提出申诉，他将被起诉。
The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed.
监察专员的迅速行动立刻制止了这种可能会被忽视的不当行为。
课文分析：
1. The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies.
- 句子类型：陈述句（被动语态的简单句）
- 核心结构：主语 + 被动谓语 + 状语
- 主语：The Scandinavian countries
- 被动谓语：are much admired
- 状语：all over the world（地点状语）；for their enlightened social policies（原因状语）
- 语法要点：
1.被动语态：are admired 表示 “被推崇”，动作承受者（国家）作主语，强调动作的结果。
2.介词 for 表原因：admire sb./sth. for sth. 是固定搭配，意为 “因某事赞赏某人 / 某物”。
3.复合形容词 enlightened：过去分词作定语，意为 “开明的、进步的”。
- 释义：斯堪的纳维亚半岛各国因其开明的社会政策而受到全世界的推崇。
2. Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from high-handed or incompetent public officers.
- 句子类型：陈述句（主动语态的简单句）
- 核心结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 后置定语
- 主语：Sweden
- 谓语：has evolved
- 宾语：an excellent system
- 后置定语：for protecting...officers（介词短语修饰 system，说明其用途）
- 语法要点：
1.现在完成时 has evolved：强调从过去到现在的结果，意为 “逐步发展出”。
2.固定搭配 protect sb. from sth.：表示 “保护某人免受…… 的侵害”。
3.并列形容词 high-handed or incompetent：修饰 public officers，or 连接两个并列定语，表 “专横的或无能的”。
- 释义：瑞典发展出了一套完善的制度，用以保护公民免受专横或无能的公职人员的侵害。
3. The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries too.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含结果状语从句的复合句）
- 核心结构：主句 + so...that... 结果状语从句
- 主句：The system has worked so well
- 从句：that it has been adopted in other countries too
- 语法要点：
1.核心句型 so + 形容词/副词 + that...：表示 “如此…… 以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。
2.被动语态 has been adopted：强调 “被采用” 的结果，动作承受者 it（指代 the system）作主语。
3.现在完成时：主句和从句均使用现在完成时，强调动作对现在的持续影响。
4. The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含多层从句的复杂句）
- 核心结构：主句 + 宾语从句（嵌套同位语从句）
- 主句：The Swedes were the first to recognize...
- 宾语从句（that 引导）：that public officials...can make mistakes or act over-zealously...
- 同位语从句（that 引导）：that they are serving the public（解释说明 the belief 的内容）
- 语法要点：
1.不定式作后置定语：the first to recognize，to do 修饰序数词 the first，表示 “第一个做某事的人 / 群体”。
2.宾语从句嵌套同位语从句：recognize that... 中，in the belief that... 是介词短语作状语，其中 that 引导同位语从句，说明 belief 的具体内容。
3.并列谓语：can make mistakes or act over-zealously，or 连接两个并列谓语，表 “可能犯错，或是做出过激行为”。
4.插入语 like civil servants...tax-collectors：举例说明 public officials 的具体类型，起补充说明作用。
- 释义：瑞典人最先认识到，公务员、警察、卫生检查员或税务员这类公职人员，也可能犯错，或是出于自以为在为公众服务的想法而做出过激行为。
5. As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含时间状语的简单句）
- 核心结构：时间状语 + 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 后置定语
- 时间状语：As long ago as 1809
- 主语：the Swedish Parliament
- 谓语：introduced
- 宾语：a scheme
- 后置定语：to safeguard the interest of the individual（不定式作定语，说明 scheme 的目的）
- 语法要点：
1.固定短语 as long ago as + 年份：表示 “早在…… 年”，用于强调时间的久远。
2.不定式作目的定语：to safeguard... 修饰 scheme，说明该方案的目的是 “保护个人利益”。
3.名词所有格 the interest of the individual：等同于 the individual's interest，表示 “个人的利益”。
- 释义：早在 1809 年，瑞典议会就推出了一项保护个人利益的方案。
6. A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含定语从句的复合句）
- 核心结构：主语（含现在分词定语） + 谓语 + 宾语（含定语从句）
- 主语：A parliamentary committee representing all political parties
- 谓语：appoints
- 宾语：a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State
- 语法要点：
1.现在分词作后置定语：representing all political parties 修饰 committee，表主动含义，意为 “代表各政党的议会委员会”。
2.定语从句：who is suitably qualified...the State 修饰 a person，说明其资格，be qualified to do sth. 是固定搭配，意为 “有资格做某事”。
3.名词短语 private grievances against the State：表示 “公民对国家的申诉”，against 表对象，意为 “针对”。
- 释义：一个由各政党代表组成的议会委员会，会任命一名合格的人员，负责调查公民对国家的申诉。
7. The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the 'J.O.' or 'Ombudsman'.
- 句子类型：并列句（由 but 连接的两个简单句）
- 核心结构：分句 1 + but + 分句 2
- 分句 1：The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman'
- 分句 2：the Swedes commonly refer to him as the 'J.O.' or 'Ombudsman'
- 语法要点：
1.并列连词 but：表转折关系，连接两个意义相反的分句。
2.固定搭配 refer to sb. as sth.：意为 “称呼某人为……”，相当于 call sb. sth.。
3.名词所有格 the official title of the person：表示 “该人员的正式头衔”。
- 释义：该官员的正式头衔是 “司法特派员”，但瑞典人通常称他为 “J.O.” 或 “监察专员”。
8. The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure.
- 句子类型：陈述句（否定形式的简单句）
- 核心结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语
- 主语：The Ombudsman
- 系动词：is
- 表语：not subject to political pressure
- 语法要点：
1.核心短语 be subject to sth.：意为 “受…… 支配 / 影响，服从于……”，此处表否定，意为 “不受政治压力的影响”。
2.否定形式：直接在系动词 is 后加 not，构成否定句。
9. He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含定语从句的复合句）
- 核心结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语（含后置定语和定语从句）
- 主语：He
- 谓语：investigates
- 宾语：complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society
- 语法要点：
1.形容词短语作后置定语：large and small 修饰 complaints，表 “大大小小的申诉”，也可写作 big or small。
2.定语从句：that come to him from all levels of society 修饰 complaints，that 在从句中作主语，指代先行词 complaints。
3.介词短语 from all levels of society：作地点状语，意为 “来自社会各阶层”。
- 释义：他受理来自社会各阶层的、大大小小的申诉并进行调查。
10. As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1,200 letters a year.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含原因状语从句的复合句）
- 核心结构：As 引导的原因状语从句 + 主句
- 从句：As complaints must be made in writing
- 主句：the Ombudsman receives an average of 1,200 letters a year
- 语法要点：
1.As 引导原因状语从句：表示 “由于、因为”，语气比 because 弱，常用于句首。
2.被动语态 must be made：表示 “必须被提交”，动作承受者 complaints 作主语。
3.固定短语 in writing：意为 “以书面形式”，对应固定搭配 make a complaint in writing（提交书面申诉）。
4.固定短语 an average of + 数量：表示 “平均……”。
- 释义：由于申诉必须以书面形式提出，监察专员平均每年会收到 1200 封信件。
11. He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and he examines every single letter in detail.
- 句子类型：并列句（由 and 连接的两个简单句）
- 核心结构：分句 1 + and + 分句 2
- 分句 1：He has eight lawyer assistants to help him
- 分句 2：he examines every single letter in detail
- 语法要点：
1.不定式作后置定语：to help him 修饰 assistants，表目的，意为 “来协助他的律师助理”。
2.并列连词 and：表顺承关系，连接两个并列分句。
3.固定短语 in detail：意为 “详细地、细致地”，作方式状语。
4.限定词 every single：加强语气，意为 “每一封、每一个”，强调无一例外。
- 释义：他有 8 名律师助理协助工作，并且会仔细审阅每一封信件。
12. There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection.
- 句子类型：并列句（由 for 连接的两个分句，表原因）
- 核心结构：There be 句型主句 + for 引导的原因分句
- 主句：There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work
- 分句：for his correspondence is open to public inspection
- 语法要点：
1.There be 句型：表示 “某地 / 某事物存在……”，主语为不定代词 nothing secretive（修饰不定代词的形容词需后置）。
2.连词 for：表补充说明的原因，语气比 because 弱，不能放在句首。
3.固定短语 be open to sth.：意为 “对…… 开放，可被…… 查阅”，此处 open to public inspection 意为 “向公众公开，可供公众查阅”。
4.名词 correspondence：意为 “信件往来、通信”，为不可数名词。
- 释义：监察专员的工作没有任何秘密可言，他的信件往来是向公众公开的。
13. If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含条件状语从句的复合句）
- 核心结构：If 引导的条件状语从句 + 主句（一般将来时）
- 从句：If a citizen's complaint is justified
- 主句：the Ombudsman will act on his behalf
- 语法要点：
1.If 引导真实条件状语从句：遵循 “主将从现” 原则，从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。
2.被动含义形容词 justified：意为 “合理的、正当的”，相当于 reasonable。
3.固定短语 act on sb.'s behalf：意为 “代表某人采取行动”，等同于 act for sb.。
- 释义：如果公民的申诉合理，监察专员会代表他采取行动。
14. The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含定语从句的简单句）
- 核心结构：主语（含定语从句） + 谓语 + 状语
- 主语：The action he takes（省略关系代词 that/which 的定语从句 he takes 修饰 action）
- 谓语：varies
- 状语：according to the nature of the complaint（介词短语作方式状语）
- 语法要点：
1.省略关系代词的定语从句：先行词 action 在从句中作 takes 的宾语，因此关系代词 that/which 可省略。
2.固定短语 vary according to sth.：意为 “根据…… 而变化 / 不同”。
3.名词短语 the nature of the complaint：意为 “申诉的性质”，nature 此处表 “本质、性质”。
15. He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含宾语从句的复合句）
- 核心结构：主语 + 并列谓语 + 宾语从句（虚拟语气）
- 主语：He
- 并列谓语：may gently reprimand... or even suggest...
- 宾语从句：that a law be altered（suggest 的宾语从句）
- 语法要点：
1.情态动词 may：表可能性，意为 “可能、或许”。
2.并列谓语：may reprimand... or even suggest...，or 连接两个并列的谓语动词，表 “或者甚至……”。
3.suggest 后的宾语从句虚拟语气：suggest 表示 “建议” 时，宾语从句需用 (should) + 动词原形的虚拟语气，此处 be altered 省略了 should，被动语态表 “被修改”。
4.固定搭配 suggest sth. to sb.：此处为 suggest to sb. that...，意为 “向某人建议……”。
- 释义：他可能会温和地斥责一名官员，甚至会向议会建议修改某项法律。
16. The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work.
- 句子类型：陈述句（简单句）
- 核心结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语
- 主语：The following case
- 系动词：is
- 表语：a typical example of the Ombudsman's work
- 语法要点：
1.形容词 following：作定语，意为 “下面的、接下来的”。
2.名词所有格 the Ombudsman's work：表示 “监察专员的工作”。
3.固定短语 a typical example of sth.：意为 “…… 的典型例子”。
17. A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含宾语从句和原因状语从句的复杂句）
- 核心结构：主语（含现在分词定语） + 谓语 + 伴随状语（含宾语从句 + 原因状语从句）
- 主语：A foreigner living in a Swedish village
- 谓语：wrote to the Ombudsman
- 伴随状语：complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner
- 语法要点：
1.现在分词作后置定语：living in a Swedish village 修饰 foreigner，表主动含义，意为 “住在瑞典村庄里的外国人”。
2.现在分词作伴随状语：complaining that... 表示与 wrote 同时发生的动作，意为 “写信给监察专员，申诉……”。
3.宾语从句：that he had been ill-treated by the police 作 complaining 的宾语，用过去完成时被动语态 had been ill-treated，表示 “被虐待” 的动作发生在 wrote 之前。
4.because 引导原因状语从句：说明被虐待的原因，simply because 意为 “仅仅因为”。
- 释义：一名住在瑞典村庄里的外国人写信给监察专员，申诉自己仅仅因为是外国人就遭到了警察的虐待。
18. The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含现在分词伴随状语的简单句）
- 核心结构：主语 + 谓语 + 伴随状语
- 主语：The Ombudsman
- 谓语：immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district
- 伴随状语：asking him to send a record of the case
- 语法要点：
1.副词 immediately：作状语，修饰 wrote，意为 “立刻、马上”。
2.现在分词作伴随状语：asking him to send... 表示与 wrote 同时发生的动作，固定搭配 ask sb. to do sth. 意为 “要求某人做某事”。
3.介词短语 in the district：作后置定语，修饰 the Chief of Police，意为 “该地区的警察局长”。
- 释义：监察专员立刻致函该地区的警察局长，要求他提供此案的记录。
19. There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police strongly denied the accusation.
- 句子类型：并列句（由 and 连接的两个分句，分句 1 含宾语从句）
- 核心结构：分句 1（There be 句型 + 宾语从句） + and + 分句 2
- 分句 1：There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified
- 分句 2：the Chief of Police strongly denied the accusation
- 语法要点：
1.There be 句型 + 不定式作后置定语：to show that... 修饰 nothing，意为 “没有任何内容表明……”。
2.宾语从句：that the foreigner's complaint was justified 作 show 的宾语，用一般过去时，与主句时态一致。
3.并列连词 and：表顺承关系，连接两个并列分句。
4.动词 deny：意为 “否认、拒绝承认”，此处 denied the accusation 意为 “否认了这一指控”。
- 释义：记录中没有任何内容能证明这名外国人的申诉是合理的，警察局长也强烈否认了这一指控。
20. It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter.
- 句子类型：并列句（由 but 连接的两个分句，分句 2 含时间状语从句）
- 核心结构：分句 1（形式主语 It 句型） + but + 分句 2（主句 +when 时间状语从句）
- 分句 1：It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action
- 分句 2：when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter
- 语法要点：
1.形式主语 It 句型：It is/was + 形容词 + for sb. to do sth.，真正的主语是不定式 to take action，It 为形式主语，避免句子头重脚轻。
2.but 表转折：连接前后两个意义相反的分句。
3.when 引导时间状语从句：表示 “当…… 的时候”，从句用一般过去时，主句也用一般过去时。
4.固定搭配 send sb. to do sth.：意为 “派某人去做某事”，此处 sent one of his lawyers to investigate 意为 “派了一名律师去调查此事”。
- 释义：监察专员当时无法采取行动，但当他收到同村另一名外国人的类似申诉时，他立刻派了一名律师去调查此事。
21. The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含宾语从句的复合句）
- 核心结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语从句
- 主语：The lawyer
- 谓语：ascertained
- 宾语从句：that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions
- 语法要点：
1.动词 ascertain：意为 “查明、弄清”，正式用语。
2.宾语从句时态：从句用过去完成时 had dealt，表示 “粗暴对待” 的动作发生在 ascertained 之前。
3.固定搭配 deal with sb. roughly：意为 “粗暴对待某人”，deal with 此处表 “对待”。
4.固定短语 on several occasions：意为 “多次、好几次”，作时间状语。
- 释义：律师查明，确实有一名警察曾多次粗暴对待外国人。
22. The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含同位语从句的复合句）
- 核心结构：主语（含同位语从句） + 被动谓语 + 状语
- 主语：The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners
- 被动谓语：could not be recorded
- 状语：in the official files
- 语法要点：
1.同位语从句：that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners 修饰 the fact，说明 fact 的具体内容，that 不充当从句成分，仅起连接作用。
2.被动语态 could not be recorded：表示 “无法被记录”，动作承受者 the fact 作主语。
3.固定搭配 be prejudiced against sb.：意为 “对某人有偏见、歧视某人”。
- 释义：这名警察对外国人存有偏见这一事实，无法被记录在官方档案中。
23. It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts.
- 句子类型：陈述句（形式主语 It 句型的简单句）
- 核心结构：形式主语 It + 系动词 + 表语 + 真正主语（不定式） + 方式状语
- 形式主语：It
- 系动词：was
- 表语：only possible
- 真正主语：for the Ombudsman to find this out
- 方式状语：by sending one of his representatives to check the facts
- 语法要点：
1.形式主语 It 句型：It was possible for sb. to do sth.，真正主语为不定式 to find this out。
2.介词 by 表方式：by doing sth. 意为 “通过做某事”，此处 by sending... 表示 “通过派代表” 的方式。
3.固定搭配 find out：意为 “查明、弄清楚”，强调经过调查得知事实真相。
4.不定式作目的状语：to check the facts 修饰 sending 的目的，意为 “派代表核实事实”。
- 释义：监察专员只能通过派代表核实事实的方式查明真相。
24. The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted.
- 句子类型：陈述句（并列被动谓语，宾语从句含条件状语从句的复合句）
- 核心结构：主语（含后置定语） + 并列被动谓语 + 宾语从句（嵌套条件状语从句）
- 主语：The policeman in question
- 并列被动谓语：was severely reprimanded and was informed that...
- 宾语从句：that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted
- 语法要点：
1.固定短语 in question：作后置定语，修饰 policeman，意为 “该、被讨论中的”。
2.并列被动谓语：was reprimanded and was informed，两个被动语态的谓语动词并列，主语均为 the policeman。
3.宾语从句嵌套条件状语从句：that if...he would be prosecuted，inform sb. that... 表示 “告知某人……”；从句中 if 引导条件状语从句，遵循 “主将从现” 的过去时形式（从句一般过去时 were lodged，主句过去将来时 would be prosecuted）。
4.固定搭配 lodge a complaint against sb.：意为 “对某人提出申诉 / 投诉”。
5.被动语态 would be prosecuted：表示 “将被起诉”，动作承受者 he 作主语。
- 释义：该警察受到了严厉的斥责，并被告知如果再有人对他提出申诉，他将被起诉。
25. The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed.
- 句子类型：陈述句（含定语从句的复合句）
- 核心结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语（含定语从句）
- 主语：The Ombudsman's prompt action at once
- 谓语：put an end to
- 宾语：an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed
- 语法要点：
1.名词所有格 The Ombudsman's prompt action：表示 “监察专员的迅速行动”，prompt 意为 “迅速的、及时的”。
2.固定短语 put an end to sth.：意为 “结束、终止某事”。
3.定语从句：which might have gone unnoticed 修饰 practice，which 在从句中作主语。
4.情态动词 might have done：表示对过去情况的推测，意为 “本可能……（但实际没有发生）”，此处表 “本可能会被忽视”；过去分词 unnoticed 作表语，意为 “未被注意到的”。
- 释义：监察专员的迅速行动立刻制止了这种可能会被忽视的不当行为。
词汇分析：
一、核心词汇
1.enlightened /ɪnˈlaɪtnd/adj. 开明的；有见识的
语境：enlightened social policies 开明的社会政策
拓展：enlighten v. 启发，开导；enlightenment n. 启蒙
2.evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/v. 逐步发展；演变；进化
语境：evolve an excellent system 逐步建立一套完善制度
搭配：evolve from 从…… 演变而来；evolve into 发展成为
3.high-handed /ˌhaɪ ˈhændɪd/adj. 专横的；高压的
语境：high-handed public officers 专横的公职人员
4.incompetent /ɪnˈkɒmpɪtənt/adj. 无能的；不胜任的
反义：competent adj. 有能力的，胜任的
5.over-zealously /ˌəʊvə ˈzeləsli/adv.过分热心地；过激地
词根：zealous adj. 热心的，热忱的；zeal n. 热情
6.safeguard /ˈseɪfɡɑːd/v./n. 维护；捍卫；保障
语境：safeguard the interest 维护利益
7.grievance /ˈɡriːvəns/n. 申诉；委屈；不满
语境：private grievances against the State 公民对国家的申诉
8.qualified /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd/adj. 合格的；有资格的
句型：be qualified to do sth. 有资格做某事
9.subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/adj. 受…… 支配的；易遭受…… 的
必考短语：be subject to 受…… 影响 / 约束
10.investigate /ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/v. 调查；侦查
派生：investigation n. 调查
11.correspondence /ˌkɒrɪˈspɒndəns/n. 通信；信件往来
拓展：correspond v. 通信；符合
12.justified /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪd/adj. 正当的；有理由的
语境：a justified complaint 合理的申诉
13.reprimand /ˈreprɪmɑːnd/v./n. 训斥；斥责；惩戒
14.alter /ˈɔːltə/v. 修改；改变（法律 / 制度）
辨析：alter 局部修改；change 彻底改变
15.ill-treat /ˌɪl ˈtriːt/v. 虐待；亏待
16.ascertain /ˌæsəˈteɪn/v. 查明；弄清；确定（正式书面词）
17.prejudiced /ˈpredʒʊdɪst/adj. 有偏见的；偏心的
搭配：be prejudiced against 对…… 有偏见
18.lodge /lɒdʒ/v. 正式提出（申诉 / 投诉）
必考：lodge a complaint 提出投诉
19.prosecute /ˈprɒsɪkjuːt/v. 起诉；检举；控告
20.prompt /prɒmpt/adj. 迅速的；及时的 v. 促使
21.unnoticed /ˌʌnˈnəʊtɪst/adj. 未被注意到的；被忽视的
二、高级固定搭配
1.in the public interest
释义：为了公众利益
用法：书面正式用语，常用于议论文、新闻、法律文体
2.all over the world
释义：全世界；举世
替换高级表达：across the globe /worldwide
3.protect sb. from sth.
释义：保护某人免受…… 侵害
语法：from 后接伤害、不良行为、不利因素
4.so…that…
释义：如此…… 以至于……
句法：引导结果状语从句，作文万能句型
5.in the belief that…
释义：怀着…… 的信念；自以为……
高阶句式，可用于雅思写作观点表达
6.as long ago as + 年份
释义：早在…… 年
写作开头经典时间状语
7.refer to sb. as sth.
释义：把某人称作……
同义：regard sb. as /address sb. as
8.large and small
释义：大大小小的；各种大小的
后置形容词修饰名词，语序高级
9.in writing
释义：以书面形式
固定商务 / 法律搭配
10.in detail
释义：详细地；细致地
11.be open to public inspection
释义：向公众公开；可供公众查阅
12.act on one’s behalf
释义：代表某人行事；为某人代言
同义：act for sb. /on behalf of sb.
13.vary according to
释义：根据…… 而变化
图表作文、议论文万能搭配
14.suggest that sb. (should) do
释义：建议某人做某事
语法关键点：虚拟语气，should 可省略
15.on several occasions
释义：多次；好几次
替换 many times，书面高级表达
16.in question
释义：该；涉及的；讨论中的
后置定语高级用法
17.put an end to sth.
释义：终止；杜绝；结束某事
写作议论文万能结尾搭配
18.go unnoticed
释义：被忽视；无人察觉
高分地道表达
三、拓展高频搭配
1. evolve 拓展搭配
·evolve a policy 制定政策
·evolve a strategy 制定策略
·evolve gradually 逐步发展
2. safeguard 拓展搭配
·safeguard rights 维护权利
·safeguard security 保障安全
·safeguard one’s reputation 维护声誉
3. qualified 拓展搭配
·be qualified for the post 胜任职位
·professionally qualified 专业合格的
4. be subject to 拓展高频
·be subject to change 随时可能变动
·be subject to rules 受规章制度约束
·be subject to criticism 易受到批评
5. investigate 拓展
·investigate a case 调查案件
·investigate into the matter 调查此事
6. grievance 拓展
·voice a grievance 表达不满
·settle a grievance 解决申诉
7. lodge 拓展全套
·lodge an appeal 提出上诉
·lodge a protest 提出抗议
·lodge a claim 提出索赔
8. prejudiced 拓展
·racial prejudice 种族偏见
·deep-rooted prejudice 根深蒂固的偏见
9. alter 拓展
·alter a law 修改法律
·alter the plan 变更计划
·alter one’s attitude 改变态度
10. prompt 拓展
·prompt action 果断及时的行动
·prompt response 迅速回应
长难句分析：
长难句 1
原文
The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public.
1. 语法结构拆解
- 主句：The Swedes were the first to recognize
不定式 to recognize 作后置定语，修饰the first
- 第一层：that 引导宾语从句，作 recognize 的宾语
- 插入语：like civil servants...tax-collectors 举例修饰 public officials
- 宾语从句内部并列谓语：can make mistakes or act over-zealously
- 介词短语作原因 / 伴随状语：in the belief that...
- 第二层：that 引导同位语从句，解释 belief 的具体内容
2. 核心语法点
- 序数词 + to do：the first to do sth固定结构
- 宾语从句嵌套同位语从句，典型多层从句结构
- in the belief that… 高阶状语结构，写作可直接套用
3. 学习注意事项
- 长句先拆主干：先找主谓，再剥离插入语；
- 区分两个 that：第一个宾语从句引导词，第二个同位语从句引导词；
- 不要把 like 理解成 “喜欢”，此处是介词：像、例如；
- 并列谓语 make /act 共用一个情态动词 can。
4. 句意
瑞典人最先认识到，公务员、警察、卫生稽查员、税务人员等公职人员都有可能犯错，或是自以为在为公众服务而行事过激。
长难句 2
原文
A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.
1. 语法结构拆解
- 主语：A parliamentary committee
- 现在分词作后置定语：representing all political parties 修饰 committee（主动关系）
- 谓语：appoints
- 宾语：a person
- 定语从句：who is suitably qualified to investigate... 修饰 person
- 后置定语：against the State 修饰 grievances
2. 核心语法点
- 现在分词 doing 作后置定语：表主动、进行
- 定语从句 who 指代人，在从句中作主语
- 固定句型：be qualified to do sth有资格做某事
3. 学习注意事项
- 看到名词后直接跟 doing，优先判断后置定语，不是谓语；
- 分清两层修饰：
committee ← representing…
person ← who qualified…
- against 此处表针对、对于，不是 “反对”。
4. 句意
一个由各政党代表组成的议会委员会任命一位合格人士，专门负责调查公民对政府的申诉。
长难句 3
原文
He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered.
1. 语法结构拆解
- 主谓：He may reprimand… or suggest… 并列谓语
- 结构：suggest to sb. that + 从句
- 宾语从句：that a law be altered
省略 should，完整：that a law (should)be altered
2. 核心语法点
(should) + 动词原形
- 被动式虚拟：be altered
- 双谓语共用情态动词 may
3. 学习注意事项
- 必考易错点：suggest 后从句绝不能用 will/can/is，必须原形虚拟；
- 句式结构：suggest to sb. that… 不要写成 suggest sb to do；
- 写作高分句型：可仿写建议政策、改革类话题。
4. 句意
他可以温和地训斥官员，甚至向议会建议修改某项法律。
长难句 4
原文
A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner.
1. 语法结构拆解
- 主语后置定语：living in a Swedish village 现在分词修饰 foreigner
- 主句谓语：wrote to the Ombudsman
- 现在分词作伴随状语：complaining that…
- complaining 后接宾语从句：he had been ill-treated…
- 从句时态：过去完成时被动语态 had been ill-treated
- because 引导原因状语从句
2. 核心语法点
- doing 作伴随状语：表动作同步发生
- 过去完成时：动作 ill-treated 发生在 wrote 之前
- 被动语态 + 宾语从句 + 原因从句三层叠加
3. 学习注意事项
- 区分：名词后 doing = 定语；主句后 doing = 伴随状语；
- 时态逻辑：过去的过去 → 过去完成时；
- simply because 是书面高级表达，可替换 just because。
4. 句意
一位住在瑞典乡村的外国人写信给司法特派员，申诉自己只因是外国人就遭到警方虐待。
长难句 5
原文
It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate the matter.
1. 语法结构拆解
- 前半句：It 形式主语句型
It was impossible for sb. to do sth.
- 并列连词 but 转折
- when 引导时间状语从句
- 主句：he immediately sent one of his lawyers
- 不定式作目的状语：to investigate the matter
2. 核心语法点
- It 作形式主语，真正主语后置 to do
- 时间状语从句 + 主句经典复合句
- send sb. to do sth 派某人做某事
3. 学习注意事项
- 长句拆分技巧：看到 but /when 直接切分句子；
- 记住固定模板：It is + adj. + for sb. to do写作万能句；
- 状语从句放句首，常用逗号和主句隔开。
4. 句意
当时司法特派员无从采取行动，但当他收到同村另一位外国人的类似投诉后，立刻派律师前去调查。
长难句 6
原文
The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files.
1. 语法结构拆解
- 主句主干：The fact could not be recorded
- that 引导同位语从句，解释 the fact 具体内容
- 从句内部固定搭配：be prejudiced against对…… 有偏见
- 被动语态：could not be recorded
2. 核心语法点
- 同位语从句经典模板：The fact that + 完整句子
- 同位语从句 that 不充当成分，只起连接；
- 情态动词 + 被动语态。
3. 学习注意事项
- 极易混淆：定语从句 vs 同位语从句
- 定语从句：that 要充当主语 / 宾语
- 同位语从句：that 不充当成分，只解释名词内容
- 写作高分模板：The fact that… 可直接套用议论文。
4. 句意
这名警察对外国人存有偏见的事实，无法记入官方档案。
句型分析：
句式 1
课文原句
The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies.
句型骨架：A are much admired all over the world for B.
套用逻辑：某国家 / 群体 / 事物，因其某优势 / 政策 / 特质，享誉全球、备受推崇。
仿写例句
Asian countries are much admired all over the world for their profound traditional culture.
例句翻译
亚洲国家因其博大精深的传统文化而享誉全球、备受推崇。
句式 2
课文原句
The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries too.
句型骨架：Sth has worked so well that it has been widely adopted in many places.
套用逻辑：某种制度 / 方法 / 举措效果极佳，以至于被各地广泛借鉴采用。
仿写例句
This educational model has worked so well that it has been widely adopted in many universities.
例句翻译
这种教育模式效果极佳，以至于被众多大学广泛采用。
句式 3
课文原句
As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual.
句型骨架：As long ago as + 时间，某机构 introduced a measure to safeguard + 权益 / 利益.
套用逻辑：早在某一时期，某机构就推出相关举措，以维护个人 / 社会公共利益。
仿写例句
As long ago as decades ago, the government introduced a policy to safeguard the rights of ordinary citizens.
例句翻译
早在数十年前，政府就推出了一项政策，用以维护普通民众的权益。
句式 4
课文原句
The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.
句型骨架：The measures we take vary according to the nature of the problem.
套用逻辑：我们采取的措施，会根据问题的性质 / 情况而灵活变化。
仿写例句
The solutions we adopt vary according to the nature of social issues.
例句翻译
我们采取的解决方案，会根据社会问题的性质而有所不同。
句式 5
课文原句
The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed.
句型骨架：Prompt action at once put an end to a bad phenomenon which might have gone unnoticed.
套用逻辑：及时的行动立刻杜绝了一种本可能被忽视的不良现象。
仿写例句
Strict regulations at once put an end to a bad habit which might have gone unnoticed.
例句翻译
严格的规章制度立刻杜绝了一种本可能被人们忽视的不良风气。
