Lesson 2 Spare that spider
课文:
1. Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends?
·句子类型:特殊疑问句(含插入语)
·核心结构:疑问词 (Why) + 插入语 (you may wonder) + 情态动词倒装 (should spiders be) + 表语 (our friends)
·语法要点:
①you may wonder为插入语,不影响主句语序,可置于句中 / 句首 / 句尾,删除后句子仍完整。
②疑问词 Why 后接情态动词 should 构成疑问语序。
·释义:你可能会觉得奇怪,蜘蛛怎么会是我们的朋友呢?
2. Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race.
·句子类型:并列复合句
·核心结构:原因状语从句 (Because...) + 并列句 (and...)
·语法要点:
① because 引导原因状语从句,回答上句 why 的提问。
② and 连接两个并列分句,前后均为主谓宾结构。
③ of the human race 为介词短语作后置定语,修饰 enemies。
·释义:因为它们能消灭那么多的昆虫,其中包括一些人类的大敌。
3. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
·句子类型:并列复合句(含虚拟语气 + 定语从句)
·核心结构:主句 1 + 主句 2 + 虚拟条件状语从句 + 定语从句
·语法要点:
①虚拟语气:would do 与 if it were not for(要不是)连用,表与事实相反的假设。
②形式宾语:make it impossible for sb to do 中 it 为形式宾语,真正宾语是 to live in the world。
③定语从句:we get from insect-eating animals 省略关系代词 that,修饰 protection。
④分号连接两个并列主句,表紧密相关。
·释义:要不是人类受一些食虫动物的保护,昆虫就会使我们无法在地球上生活下去;它们会吞食我们的全部庄稼,杀死成群的牛羊。
4. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders.
·句子类型:并列复合句(含定语从句 + 过去分词作定语)
·核心结构:主句 1 + 定语从句 + 转折并列主句 2 + 后置定语
·语法要点:
①owe a lot to:固定搭配,表“非常感激 / 归功于”。
②who eat insects:限制性定语从句,修饰 birds and beasts。
③put together:过去分词短语作后置定语,表“合计、加在一起”。
④destroyed by spiders:过去分词作后置定语,修饰 the number。
·释义:我们要十分感谢那些吃昆虫的鸟和兽,然而把它们所杀死的昆虫全部加在一起,也只相当于蜘蛛所消灭的一小部分。
5. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings.
·句子类型:简单句
·核心结构:状语 (Moreover...) + 主语 (spiders) + 谓语 (never do) + 宾语 (the least harm) + 状语 (to...)
·语法要点:
①unlike...:介词短语作比较状语,表“与…… 不同”。
②do the least harm to:固定搭配,表“对…… 丝毫无害”。
③or连接两个并列宾语 us 和 our belongings。
·释义:此外,蜘蛛不同于其他食虫动物,它们丝毫不危害我们和我们的财物。
6. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.
·句子类型:并列句(含方式状语从句)
·核心结构:主句 1 + 方式状语从句 (as...) + nor 引导并列主句 2
·语法要点:
①as many people think:as 引导方式状语从句,表 “正如人们所想”。
②nor置于句首,表“也不”,后接部分倒装,此处省略倒装(口语 / 书面常用)。
③be related to:固定搭配,表“与…… 相关”。
·释义:许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫,但它们不是昆虫,甚至与昆虫毫无关系。
7. One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.
·句子类型:并列句(for 表原因)
·核心结构:主句 + for 引导原因并列句
·语法要点:
①for:并列连词,表补充说明原因,不可置于句首。
②never more than six:省略句,完整为 never has more than six legs。
③at a glance:固定短语,表“一眼,立刻”。
·释义:人们几乎一眼就能看出二者的差异,因为蜘蛛都是 8 条腿,而昆虫的腿从不超过 6 条。
8. How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf?
·句子类型:特殊疑问句(被动语态)
·核心结构:疑问词 (How many spiders) + 被动谓语 (are engaged in) + 宾语 (this work) + 状语 (on our behalf)
·语法要点:
①be engaged in:固定被动搭配,表“忙于、从事于”。
②on one’s behalf:固定短语,表“为了…… 的利益;代表……”。
·释义:有多少蜘蛛在为我们效力呢?
9. One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre; that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.
·句子类型:并列复合句(含宾语从句)
·核心结构:主句 1 + 并列主句 2 + 宾语从句 + 分号连接解释句
·语法要点:
①on spiders:介词短语作后置定语,修饰 authority。
②that引导宾语从句,作 estimated 的宾语。
③分号后句子对前句数据进行解释说明。
·释义:一位研究蜘蛛的权威对英国南部一块草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次调查,估计每英亩草坪里有 225 万多只蜘蛛;这就是说,在一个足球场上约有 600 万只不同种类的蜘蛛。
10. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects.
·句子类型:简单句
·核心结构:主语 (spiders) + 系动词 (are) + 表语 (busy) + 状语 (for...) + 状语 (in killing...)
·语法要点:
be busy (in) doing sth:固定结构,表“忙于做某事”,in 可省略。
·释义:蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆虫。
11. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day.
·句子类型:并列复合句(含形式主语 + 宾语从句)
·核心结构:形式主语主句 + 转折并列主句 + 形容词短语作状语
·语法要点:
①It is impossible to do:it 为形式主语,真正主语是 to make...guess。
②how many they kill:宾语从句,作 at 的宾语,用陈述语序。
③not content with...:形容词短语作伴随状语,表“不满足于……”。
·释义:它们一年中消灭了多少昆虫,我们简直无法猜测,它们是吃不饱的动物,不满意一日三餐。
12. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.
·句子类型:复合句(形式主语 + 被动语态 + 比较结构)
·核心结构:形式主语主句 + that 引导主语从句 + 比较结构
·语法要点:
①It has been estimated that:固定句型,it 为形式主语,that 从句为真正主语。
②destroyed by spiders:过去分词作后置定语,修饰 insects。
③greater than:形容词比较级,表重量对比。
·释义:据估计,在英国,蜘蛛一年里所消灭昆虫的重量超过这个国家人口的总重量。
词汇:
一、核心词汇
1.spare /speə(r)/v. 不伤害;饶恕
课文搭配:spare that spider 不要伤害蜘蛛
2.wonder /ˈwʌndə(r)/v. 想知道;疑惑
课文搭配:you may wonder 你可能会疑惑
3.destroy /dɪˈstrɔɪ/v. 消灭;毁灭
课文搭配:destroy insects 消灭昆虫
4.insect /ˈɪnsekt/n. 昆虫
课文搭配:so many insects 很多昆虫
5.enemy /ˈenəmi/n. 敌人
课文搭配:greatest enemies 最大的敌人
6.devour /dɪˈvaʊə(r)/v. 吞食;吞噬
课文搭配:devour all our crops 吞食我们全部庄稼
7.flock /flɒk/n. 羊群;鸟群
课文搭配:flocks and herds 成群的牛羊
8.herd /hɜːd/n. 牛群;兽群
课文搭配:flocks and herds 成群的牛羊
9.protection /prəˈtekʃn/n. 保护
课文搭配:get protection 获得保护
10.owe /əʊ/v. 归功于;感激
课文搭配:owe a lot to 非常感激
11.beast /biːst/n. 野兽;兽类
课文搭配:birds and beasts 飞禽走兽
12.fraction /ˈfrækʃn/n. 小部分;少量
课文搭配:only a fraction 仅仅一小部分
13.belongings /bɪˈlɒŋɪŋz/n. 财产;所有物
课文搭配:our belongings 我们的财物
14.related /rɪˈleɪtɪd/adj. 相关的;有亲缘关系的
课文搭配:nearly related to 与…… 有密切关系
15.glance /ɡlɑːns/n. 一瞥;一眼
课文搭配:at a glance 一眼
16.authority /ɔːˈθɒrəti/n. 权威;专家
课文搭配:an authority on spiders 蜘蛛研究权威
17.census /ˈsensəs/n. 统计;调查
课文搭配:make a census 做统计调查
18.acre /ˈeɪkə(r)/n. 英亩
课文搭配:in one acre 在一英亩地里
19.pitch /pɪtʃ/n. 球场
课文搭配:a football pitch 足球场
20.estimate /ˈestɪmeɪt/v. 估计;估算
课文搭配:it has been estimated that 据估计
二、高级固定搭配
1.you may wonder
释义:你可能会疑惑 / 想知道
用法:插入语,用于句中 / 句首,引出疑问
课文例句:Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends?
2.the greatest enemies of the human race
释义:人类的最大敌人
用法:of 所有格,表所属
3.if it were not for
释义:要不是(虚拟语气,与现在事实相反)
用法:后接名词 / 代词,主句用 would do
课文例句:If it were not for the protection, insects would devour our crops.
4.owe a lot to
释义:非常感激;深受…… 恩惠
用法:owe sth to sb 把…… 归功于 / 感激某人
课文例句:We owe a lot to the birds and beasts.
5.put together
释义:合计;加在一起
用法:作后置定语 / 状语
课文例句:all of them put together 它们全部加在一起
6.do the least harm to
释义:对…… 丝毫无害
用法:do harm to 对…… 有害;least 表最低程度
课文例句:spiders never do the least harm to us
7.be related to
释义:与…… 有关 / 有亲缘关系
用法:固定系表搭配
课文例句:nor even nearly related to them
8.at a glance
释义:一眼;立刻
用法:介词短语作状语
课文例句:tell the difference almost at a glance
9.be engaged in
释义:忙于;从事于
用法:被动语态,be engaged in (doing) sth
课文例句:How many spiders are engaged in this work?
10.on one’s behalf
释义:为了…… 的利益;代表……
用法:介词短语作状语
课文例句:work on our behalf 为我们效力
11.be busy (in) doing sth
释义:忙于做某事
用法:in 可省略
课文例句:Spiders are busy killing insects.
12.make a guess at
释义:猜测……
用法:后接名词 / 从句
课文例句:make more than the wildest guess at 做最大胆猜测
13.be content with
释义:满足于……
用法:系表结构
课文例句:not content with only three meals a day
14.It has been estimated that
释义:据估计……
用法:形式主语句型,真正主语为 that 从句
课文例句:It has been estimated that the weight…
三、拓展高频搭配
1.human race人类
2.insect-eating animals食虫动物
3.a grass field草坪;草地
4.in the south of England在英国南部
5.different kinds of不同种类的
6.half the year半年
7.three meals a day一日三餐
8.the total weight of…… 的总重量
9.eight legs八条腿
10.more than超过;多于
11.something like大约;差不多
12.hungry creatures饥饿的生物
句型:
句式 1(虚拟语气・万能假设)
原句:Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
套用模板:X would make it impossible for us to do Y if it were not for Z.
示范句:Pollution would make it impossible for us to live healthily if it were not for the efforts to protect the environment.
翻译:如果不是因为保护环境的努力,污染将使我们无法健康生活。
句式 2(插入语・高级提问)
原句:Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends?
套用模板:Why, you may wonder, should + 主题 + be + 观点?
示范句:Why, you may wonder, should reading be so important for students?
翻译:你可能会疑惑,为什么阅读对学生如此重要?
句式 3(对比强调・数量 / 作用)
原句:All of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders.
套用模板:All A put together do only a fraction of what B does.
示范句:All other methods put together help only a fraction of what this plan does.
翻译:所有其他方法加起来,起到的作用也只有这个计划的一小部分。
句式 4(形式主语・客观评价)
原句:It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill.
套用模板:It is impossible to do sth without + 条件 / It is impossible to know how + 从句.
示范句:It is impossible to imagine how much help teachers give us every day.
翻译:我们很难想象老师每天给予我们多少帮助。
句式 5(数据 / 结论・正式表达)
原句:It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders is greater than the total weight of human beings.
套用模板:It has been estimated that + 数据 / 事实 + is + 比较级 + than + 对比对象.
示范句:It has been estimated that the time we spend on study is more important than any other activity.
翻译:据估计,我们花在学习上的时间比任何其他活动都更重要。