Lesson 3 Matterhorn man
课文：
1.Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport.
·句子类型：复合句（定语从句）
·核心结构：主语 (Modern alpinists) + 谓语 (try to climb) + 宾语 (mountains) + 方式状语 (by a route) + 定语从句 (which...)
·语法要点：① which 引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 route；② try to do sth. 尽力做某事；③ by a route 介词短语作方式状语。
·释义：现代登山运动员总想找一条能够给他们带来运动乐趣的路线来攀登山峰。
2.and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.
·句子类型：特殊句型（比较级连用）
·核心结构：The + 比较级 + 主语 + 谓语，the + 比较级 + 主语 + 谓语
·语法要点：①“the + 比较级，the + 比较级” 表 “越…… 越……”；② highly 修饰被动语态 is regarded，表 “高度地”。
·释义：他们认为，道路愈艰险愈带劲儿。
3.In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all.
·句子类型：简单句（主系表）
·核心结构：状语 (In the pioneering days) + 转折副词 (however) + 主语 (this) + 系动词 (was) + 表语 (not the case)
·语法要点：① this was not the case 固定表达，“情况并非如此”；② at all 用于否定句加强语气。
·释义：然而，在登山运动的初期，全然不是这种情况。
4.The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before.
·句子类型：复合句（原因状语从句 + 定语从句 + 条件状语从句）
·核心结构：主句 (The early climbers were looking for...) + 原因状语从句 (because...) + 定语从句 (they sought) + 条件状语从句 (especially if...)
·语法要点：① because 引导原因状语从句；②they sought 省略 that 的定语从句修饰 prize；③ if 引导条件状语从句，it 指代 summit。
·释义：早期登山者所寻找的是通往山顶的最方便的途径，因为顶峰 —— 特别是前人未曾到过的顶峰 —— 才是他们寻求的目标。
5.It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.
·句子类型：并列复合句（主语从句 + 定语从句 + 并列句）
·核心结构：It 作形式主语 + 真正主语 (that...) + 定语从句 (which...) + 转折并列句 (but...)
·语法要点：① It is true that... 主语从句结构；② equipped... 过去分词短语作伴随状语；③which 引导定语从句修饰 manner；④ go out of one’s way to do 特意做某事。
·释义：确实，在探险中他们经常遇到惊心动魄的困难和危险，而他们装备之简陋足以使现代登山者一想起来就胆战心惊。但是，他们并非故意寻求这种刺激。
6.They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾）
·核心结构：主语 (They) + 谓语 (had) + 宾语 (a single aim) + 同位语 (a solitary goal) +破折号解释 (the top)
·语法要点：① a solitary goal 是 aim 的同位语；②破折号表强调。
·释义：他们只有一个目标，唯一的目标 —— 顶峰！
7.It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers.
·句子类型：复合句（宾语从句）
·核心结构：It 作形式主语 + 系动词 (is) + 表语 (hard) + 真正主语 (to realize...) + 宾语从句 (how difficult...)
·语法要点：① It is hard for sb. to do sth. 固定句型；② how 引导宾语从句，用陈述语序。
·释义：我们今天很难想象昔日的登山先驱们是多么艰苦。
8.Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.
·句子类型：复合句（非限制性定语从句 + 过去分词作定语）
·核心结构：状语 (Except for...) + 非限制性定语从句 (which...) + 主语 (Alpine villages) + 谓语 (tended to be) + 表语 (settlements) + 后置定语 (cut off...)
·语法要点：① which 引导非限制性定语从句修饰 places；② cut off from... 过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 settlements。
·释义：除了采尔马特和夏蒙尼等一两个很快出了名的地方外，阿尔卑斯山山区的小村几乎全是高山环抱、与世隔绝的穷乡僻壤。
9.Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden;
·句子类型：简单句（主系表）
·核心结构：主语 (Such inns as there were) + 系动词 (were) + 表语 (dirty and flea-ridden)
·语法要点：① Such...as... 结构，“像…… 那样的”；② flea-ridden 复合形容词，“布满跳蚤的”。
·释义：那里的小客栈一般都很肮脏，而且跳蚤猖獗。
10.the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine.
·句子类型：简单句（独立主格）
·核心结构：主语 (the food) + 同位语 (local cheese) + 后置定语 (accompanied by...) + 独立主格 (all washed down...)
·语法要点：① accompanied by 过去分词作定语；② washed down with 独立主格表伴随。
·释义：食物是当地的干酪和通常存放了一年之久的面包，人们就着劣质酒吞下这种食物。
11.Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could--
·句子类型：并列复合句（地点状语从句）
·核心结构：并列句 1 (a valley boasted no inn) + and + 并列句 2 (climbers found shelter) + 地点状语从句 (wherever...)
·语法要点：① wherever 引导地点状语从句；②boast 此处表 “有”。
·释义：山谷里常常没有小客栈，登山者只好随遇而安。
12.sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners), sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers.
·句子类型：简单句（省略句 + 定语从句）
·核心结构：并列状语 (sometimes with...) + 定语从句 (who...)
·语法要点：①省略主句 climbers found shelter；② who 引导定语从句修饰 priest；③ as...as... 原级比较。
·释义：有时同当地牧师（他通常和他的教民一样穷）住在一起，有时同牧羊人或制乳酪的人住在一起。
13.Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable.
·句子类型：简单句（主系表）
·核心结构：状语 (Invariably) + 主语 (the background) + 系动词 (was) + 表语 (the same)
·语法要点：冒号后补充说明 same 的具体内容。
·释义：无论住在哪儿，情况都一样：肮脏、贫穷，极其不舒适。
14.For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.
·句子类型：简单句（过去分词作定语）
·核心结构：状语 (For men...) + 后置定语 (accustomed to...) + 主语 (the change) + 谓语 (must have been) + 表语 (hard)
·语法要点：① accustomed to doing 形容词短语作后置定语；② must have been 对过去的肯定推测。
·释义：对于过惯了一顿饭吃 7 道菜、睡亚麻细布床单的人来说，变换一下生活环境来到阿尔卑斯山山区，那一定是很艰难的。
词汇：
一、核心词汇
1.alpinist /ˈælpɪnɪst/n. 登山运动员
2.pioneering /ˌpaɪəˈnɪərɪŋ/adj. 开创的，先驱的
3.summit /ˈsʌmɪt/n. 山顶，顶峰
4.perilous /ˈperələs/adj. 危险的（= very dangerous）
5.shudder /ˈʃʌdə/v. 战栗，发抖
6.attain /əˈteɪn/v. 达到，获得
7.impoverished /ɪmˈpɒvərɪʃt/adj. 贫困的，贫穷的
8.flea-ridden /ˈfliː rɪdn/adj. 布满跳蚤的
9.coarse /kɔːs/adj. 劣质的，粗糙的
10.parishioner /pəˈrɪʃənə/n. 教区居民
11.linen /ˈlɪnɪn/n. 亚麻布
12.solitary /ˈsɒlətri/adj. 唯一的，独自的
13.peril /ˈperəl/n. 危险（n.）
14.civilization /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/n. 文明
15.settlement /ˈsetlmənt/n. 村落，定居点
二、高级固定搭配（课文必背、写作加分）
1.the more…the more…越……越……
o用法：比较级连用，表程度递增
o例句：The more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.
2.be regarded as被视为，被看作
o用法：被动结构，后接形容词 / 名词
o例句：The route is highly regarded.
3.go out of one’s way to do sth特意做某事；不怕麻烦做某事
o用法：强调主动付出努力
o例句：They did not go out of their way to court such excitement.
4.at the thought (of)一想到（……）
o用法：介词短语作状语
o例句：…make a modern climber shudder at the thought.
5.be accustomed to doing sth习惯于做某事
o用法：to 为介词，后接 doing/n.
o例句：men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners
6.cut off from与…… 隔绝；切断
o用法：过去分词作后置定语
o例句：settlements cut off from civilization
7.wash down with就着…… 喝下；用…… 冲服
o用法：固定动词短语
o例句：all washed down with coarse wine
8.find shelter寻找藏身之处 / 住处
o用法：固定动宾搭配
9.due to由于，因为（后接名词 / 短语）
o用法：表客观原因
10.on request一经要求；根据请求
三、拓展高频搭配（阅读 + 写作通用）
1.modern alpinists现代登山运动员
2.a route to the top通往山顶的路线
3.good sport有益的运动；有乐趣的运动
4.in the pioneering days在初创时期；在先驱时代
5.the easiest way最便捷的路径
6.face difficulties and dangers面临困难与危险
7.of the most perilous nature性质极其危险的
8.equipped in a manner以某种方式装备
9.a single aim唯一目标
10.a solitary goal唯一的目标
11.impoverished settlements贫困的村落
12.high mountains高山
13.dirty and flea‑ridden肮脏且跳蚤横行
14.local cheese当地奶酪
15.twelve months old存放一年之久的
16.coarse wine劣质酒
17.local priest当地牧师
18.seven‑course dinners七道菜的正餐
19.fine linen sheets优质亚麻床单
20.the change to…到…… 的环境转变
句型
1. 对比古今 / 新旧差异（万能开头 / 对比段）
课文原句
In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all.
套用句型
In the early days, however, this was not the case at all.
作文示例
In the early days of online learning, however, this was not the case at all.
翻译：然而，在在线学习的初期，情况完全不是这样。
2. “越…… 越……” 高级比较级（加分必背）
课文原句
The more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.
套用句型
The + 比较级 + 主语 + 谓语，the + 比较级 + 主语 + 谓语.
作文示例
The more effort we put in, the greater progress we will make.
翻译：我们付出的努力越多，取得的进步就越大。
3. 唯一目标 / 核心追求（观点类作文超好用）
课文原句
They had a single aim, a solitary goal—the top!
套用句型
We have a single aim, a solitary goal—______!
作文示例
We have a single aim, a solitary goal—a better future.
翻译：我们只有一个目标，唯一的目标 —— 更美好的未来。
4. 形式主语：很难想象 / 理解（议论文高级句）
课文原句
It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers.
套用句型
It is hard for us to realize how ______ it is for ______.
作文示例
It is hard for us to realize how important health is for everyone.
翻译：我们很难意识到健康对每个人有多重要。
5. 过去分词作定语：被…… 所……（高级语法加分）
课文原句
Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization.
套用句型
______ tend to be ______ ______ (过去分词短语).
作文示例
Small towns tend to be quiet places far away from noisy cities.
翻译：小镇往往是远离喧嚣城市的宁静之地。
