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2026-04-18 关于USPTO培训资料《Legal Analysis and Writing》笔记18

  • 2026-04-19 00:59:34
2026-04-18 关于USPTO培训资料《Legal Analysis and Writing》笔记18

引言

USPTO培训资料《Legal Analysis and Writing》的链接为:https://www.uspto.gov/video/cbt/rspnd-lglargmnts/index.htm

正文

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Since the passage of the AIA, an issued patent can be reviewed under one of the PTAB trial procedures that we mentioned earlier. Alternatively, a patent can be the subject of an action in district court. For example, a patentee can enforce his or her rights against an infringer. Both PTAB and district court decisions can be appealed to the Federal Circuit. Federal Circuit decisions can be the subject of a petition for certiorari that requests Supreme Court review of the Federal Circuit's decision.

《美国发明法案》(AIA)通过后,已授权专利可通过我们之前提到的专利审判和上诉委员会(PTAB)的某一审判程序进行审查。此外,专利也可能成为地区法院诉讼的对象,例如,专利权人可针对侵权者主张其权利。专利审判和上诉委员会(PTAB)和地区法院的决定均可上诉至联邦巡回上诉法院。当事人可通过提交调卷令申请,请求最高法院审核联邦巡回上诉法院的决定。

1.12 Hierarchy of Legal Authority 法律权威层级

联邦宪法

联邦法规

联邦规章(法规和规章可在法院受到质疑)

Patent matters brought before the PTAB or a federal court must be decided in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations. The Constitution is the most authoritative legal document. Below the Constitution in the hierarchy of legal authority are the federal statutes. Finally, federal regulations promulgated by agencies to implement the statutes are at the bottom of the pyramid. Both federal statutes and federal regulations may be challenged in court.

提交至专利审判和上诉委员会(PTAB)或联邦法院的专利相关事项,必须依据适用的法律和规章作出裁决。宪法是最高权威的法律文件,其下是联邦法规,最后是各机构为执行法规而制定的联邦规章。联邦法规和联邦规章均可在法院受到质疑。

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1. AIA指的是美国发明法案(America Invents Act)。其于2011  9  16 日签署,2013  3  16 日生效。其采用发明人先申请制(First‑Inventor‑to‑File),意思是:对同一个可授权的技术,如果有两个发明人先后提交了专利申请,那么谁的有效申请日在前,谁就可以获得授权。

Pre-AIA用于称呼AIA之前的发明法案,其采用先发明制(First‑to‑Invent),意思是,谁先构思并勤勉实施了发明,谁就拥有权利,这依赖于大量的证据证明谁先进行了发明。

2. passage在这里并非指“通道、走廊、(时间)流逝”,而是法案的通过,指的是立法机关正式表决并通过了某法律。英文示意是:the process of discussing a bill in a parliament so that it can become law

The passage of the America Invents Act fundamentally changed the U.S. patent system.《美国发明法》的通过已从根本上改变了美国专利制度。

Many critical changes to patent examination followed the passage of the AIA.专利审查中的诸多重要变革均发生在AIA通过之后。

但是passage往往指的是立法机关投票、表决,并且顺利走完了立法程序,但是不一定立刻生效。也就是说,passage只是立法程序的一个步骤。

Enactment常常指的是整个立法过程已经完成,最终变成了成文法,并且产生了法律效力。

简要地理解,Enactment可以包括:通过(Passage)、批准(Approval)、公布(Promulgation)和生效(Coming into force)。

批准(Approval)指的是,有的法律在立法机关投票通过之后,还可能由国家元首(如总统、君主、主席等)签署批准才行。Approval不要用adoption替代。Adoption只是一般意义上的采纳或通过,并不特指法律。

公布(Promulgation):向社会正式公布,让公众知晓。

生效(Coming into force):法律在公布后可能立即生效,或者于指定日期生效,这在法律文本中都有规定。

3.Since+名词短语,表示自从以来,表示时间起点,但是翻译时可以理解为“...之后”。因此,当我们看到“...后”时,也可以考虑用since,而不用after

4. the subject of an actionSubject的含义很多,例如,subject在“语法”中是主语的意思,而在“句子成分”中又是对象的意思。正文例句因为是诉讼的语境,所以此处指的是诉讼的对象。Action指的是诉讼(civil action是民事诉讼),那么the subject of an action指的是诉讼所针对的对象。“be the subject of an action”可以作为一个固定表达。

与之不同的是,一般而言,subject matter of an action,才是指的“诉讼标的”。

the subject of an action诉讼的对象(或称标的物),一般指的是“具体化或实体化的东西”,例如人、物或权利凭证等。

subject matter of an action诉讼标的,一般指的不是“东西或物体”,而是指的是有争议的法律关系。关系指的是人与人之间的关系(权利和义务等)。

A patent may be the subject of an action for infringement.专利可以成为侵权诉讼的诉讼对象。指专利这个具体文件是被审理的对象。

The subject matter of the action is a dispute over patent infringement.本案诉讼标的是专利侵权争议。指“侵权法律纠纷”这个抽象争议本身。

正文例句中,A patent can be the subject of an action in district court.专利可以成为地区法院诉讼的诉讼对象。这里用 subject 而不用 subject matter,原因是:该句强调专利这个具体权利客体,是法院诉讼直接指向的实体对象,而非抽象的侵权法律关系。

5. Federal Circuit decisionsthe Federal Circuit's decision正文例句中出现了这两个表达。二者有些许差异:

Federal Circuit decisions没有’s,并且后面用复数,此时Federal Circuit直接作为定语,表示是一类,是泛指。强调是什么类型的判决,而不是强调判决归谁所有。意思是:联邦巡回上诉法院作出的这类判决。

the Federal Circuit's decision’s,并且后面用单数,’s是所有格形式,意思是:该联邦巡回法院作出的那个具体判决(前面加the,因此是特指),强调这个判决是本案被上诉的那个判决。

同理,Supreme Court review没有所有格,也是泛指,意思是最高法院层面的司法复核。

6.applicable laws and regulations指的是:适用的法律法规。“适用”的意思是与具体的案件相适用。法律的法条会对各个方面作出规定,故每一类案件都有自己适用的法条,应该针对具体的案件选择能够适用的法条。

The examiner must apply the applicable patentability requirements to the claimed invention.审查员必须对要求保护的发明适用可适用的可专利性要件。

The PTAB applies the applicable rules of procedure when conducting inter partes review.PTAB 在进行双方复审时,适用相关的程序规则。

The court determined which applicable laws govern the patent infringement dispute.法院确定了规制该专利侵权纠纷的适用法律。

7 PPT里面讲了美国法律的层级,宪法自不必说,Federal statutes是国会(立法机关)制定并通过的联邦法律,当然效力更高。federal regulations是由联邦行政机构(如 USPTOFDA等执法机关)制定,效力比Federal statutes要低。

Federal statutes establish the right to a patent.联邦法律确立了获得专利的权利。

Federal regulations explain how to file a patent application.联邦规章规定了如何提交专利申请。

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以上是笔者基于目前认知所形成的一家之言,若有不妥之处,欢迎大家评论交流!

本文为原创,若转载请注明出处,谢谢!

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000741s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=no_67808;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000752s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000298s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000269s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000462s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000199s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000532s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 482030 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000391s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1776562067 WHERE `id` = 482030 [ RunTime:0.001845s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 64 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000287s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 482030 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000469s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 482030 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000388s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 482030 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.000814s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 482030 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.000730s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 482030 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.002995s ]
0.111586s