Lesson 16 The modern city
课文：
1. In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected.
·句子类型：简单句（现在完成时被动语态）
·核心结构：状语 (In the organization...) + 主语 (the influence...) + 谓语 (has been completely neglected)
·语法要点：
①主语为抽象名词短语the influence，后接多层后置定语：of the factory（介词短语）→ upon the physiological and mental state（介词短语）→ of the workers（介词短语），层层修饰；
②upon此处等价于on，表“对…… 的影响”；
③现在完成时被动语态has been neglected，强调“从过去持续到现在被忽视”；
④completely副词作状语，修饰谓语动词。
·释义：在工业生活的组织中，工厂对工人生理和精神状态的影响完全被忽视了。
2. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 目的状语从句）
·核心结构：主句 (Modern industry is based on...) + 目的状语从句 (in order that...)
·语法要点：
①固定搭配be based on，被动语态表“以…… 为基础”；
②of the maximum production at lowest cost作后置定语修饰conception；
③in order that引导目的状语从句，从句常用may/might/can/could；
④as much money as possible原级比较结构，表“尽可能多的钱”。
·释义：现代工业以“以最低成本实现最高产量” 这一理念为基础，目的是让个人或群体尽可能多地赚钱。
3. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 定语从句 + 过去分词作定语）
·核心结构：主句 (It has expanded) + 两个并列状语 (without...and without...)
·语法要点：
①It指代前文modern industry；
②without后接名词 / 动名词，构成两个并列状语；
③who run the machines限制性定语从句，修饰human beings，who 作主语；
④produced...过去分词短语作后置定语修饰effects；
⑤imposed by the factory过去分词短语作后置定语修饰mode of existence。
·释义：现代工业不断扩张，却全然不顾操作机器的人类的真实本性，也不考虑工厂强加的人为生存方式对个人及其后代造成的影响。
4. The great cities have been built with no regard for us.
·句子类型：简单句（现在完成时被动语态）
·核心结构：主语 (The great cities) + 谓语 (have been built) + 状语 (with no regard for us)
·语法要点：
①现在完成时被动语态have been built，强调“已建成” 的结果；
②固定搭配with no regard for，表“毫不顾及、不关心”。
·释义：大城市的建设毫不顾及我们。
5. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 定语从句）
·核心结构：主语 (The shape and dimensions...) + 谓语 (depend on) + 宾语 (the necessity...) + 定语从句 (that...)
·语法要点：
①of the skyscrapers后置定语修饰主语；
②of obtaining...and of offering...两个并列 of 短语作后置定语修饰necessity；
③that please them定语从句修饰offices and apartments，that 作主语；
④entirely副词作状语修饰depend on。
·释义：摩天大楼的形态与规模完全取决于每平方英尺地皮获取最大收益的需要，以及向租户提供令其满意的写字楼和公寓的需要。
6. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 地点状语从句）
·核心结构：主句 (This caused the construction...) + 地点状语从句 (where...)
·语法要点：
①This指代前文所述的建设逻辑；
②of gigantic buildings后置定语修饰construction；
③where引导地点状语从句，相当于in which；
④be crowded together被动语态表“被挤在一起”。
·释义：这就导致了巨型建筑的兴建，大量人群在其中拥挤不堪。
7. Civilized men like such a way of living.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 (Civilized men) + 谓语 (like) + 宾语 (such a way of living)
·语法要点：
①Civilized过去分词作定语，修饰men；
②such a way of living表“这样一种生活方式”。
·释义：文明人喜欢这样的生活方式。
8. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life.
·句子类型：复合句（让步状语从句 + 宾语从句）
·核心结构：让步状语从句 (While...) + 主句 (they do not realize...) + 宾语从句 (that...)
·语法要点：
①While引导让步状语从句，表“尽管、虽然”；
②that引导宾语从句，作realize的宾语；
③固定搭配be deprived of，被动语态表“被剥夺”。
·释义：尽管他们享受着住宅的舒适与平庸的奢华，却没有意识到自己被剥夺了生活必需品。
9. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.
·句子类型：简单句（并列结构 + 多重后置定语）
·核心结构：主语 (The modern city) + 谓语 (consists of) + 并列宾语 (edifices and streets)
·语法要点：
①consists of A and of B并列结构，表“由 A 和 B 组成”；
②full of...形容词短语作后置定语修饰streets；
③torn by...与thronged by...两个过去分词短语并列作后置定语修饰streets；
④ceaselessly副词作状语修饰thronged。
·释义：现代城市由庞大骇人的建筑与阴暗狭窄的街道构成，街道充斥着汽油味与有毒气体，被出租车、卡车、巴士的噪音撕裂，又被人群不断挤满。
10. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.
·句子类型：简单句（现在完成时被动语态）
·核心结构：状语 (Obviously) + 主语 (it) + 谓语 (has not been planned) + 状语 (for...)
·语法要点：
①it指代the modern city；
②现在完成时被动语态否定式has not been planned；
③for the good of固定搭配，表“为了…… 的利益”。
·释义：显然，现代城市并非为居民的福祉而规划。
词汇：
一、核心词汇
1.physiological /ˌfɪziəˈlɒdʒɪkl/adj. 生理的
o课文搭配：physiological and mental state生理与精神状态
o拓展：physiological function 生理功能；physiological needs 生理需求
2.neglect /nɪˈɡlekt/v. 忽视，忽略 n. 疏忽
o课文搭配：has been completely neglected被完全忽视
o拓展：neglect one’s duty 玩忽职守；neglect to do sth 忘记做某事
3.conception /kənˈsepʃn/n. 观念，概念；构想
o课文搭配：the conception of maximum production最高产量的理念
o拓展：conception of life 人生观；have no conception of 完全不理解
4.descendant /dɪˈsendənt/n. 后代，后裔
o课文搭配：individuals and their descendants个人及其后代
o拓展：descendant of a family 家族后裔
5.artificial /ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃl/adj. 人为的，人造的；虚假的
o课文搭配：artificial mode of existence人为的生存方式
o拓展：artificial intelligence 人工智能；artificial light 人造光
6.dimension /daɪˈmenʃn/n. 规模；尺寸；维度
o课文搭配：shape and dimensions形态与规模
o拓展：three dimensions 三维；a building of great dimensions 巨型建筑
7.skyscraper /ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)/n. 摩天大楼
o课文搭配：the skyscrapers摩天大楼
o拓展：modern skyscrapers 现代摩天楼
8.tenant /ˈtenənt/n. 租户，房客；承租人
o课文搭配：offer to the tenants向租户提供
o拓展：landlord and tenant 房东与房客
9.gigantic /dʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/adj. 巨大的，庞大的
o课文搭配：gigantic buildings巨型建筑
o拓展：gigantic task 艰巨任务
10.banal /bəˈnɑːl/adj. 平庸的，陈腐的
o课文搭配：banal luxury庸俗的奢华
o拓展：banal conversation 乏味的谈话
11.monstrous /ˈmɒnstrəs/adj. 巨大的；骇人的；畸形的
o课文搭配：monstrous edifices庞大骇人的大厦
o拓展：monstrous crime 滔天罪行
12.edifice /ˈedɪfɪs/n. 大厦；宏伟建筑
o课文搭配：monstrous edifices巨型大厦
o拓展：public edifices 公共建筑
13.toxic /ˈtɒksɪk/adj. 有毒的；中毒的
o课文搭配：toxic gases有毒气体
o拓展：toxic waste 有毒废料；toxic substance 有毒物质
14.throng /θrɒŋ/v. 拥挤，挤满 n. 人群
o课文搭配：thronged ceaselessly by great crowds不断被人群挤满
o拓展：throng with people 人潮涌动
15.inhabitant /ɪnˈhæbɪtənt/n. 居民，住户
o课文搭配：for the good of its inhabitants为了居民的利益
o拓展：local inhabitants 当地居民
二、高级固定搭配（课文核心 + 可直接用于写作）
1.be based on以…… 为基础；基于
o例句：Modern industry is based on the conception of maximum production.
2.in order that为了……（引导目的状语从句）
o例句：He works hard in order that he may succeed.
3.with no regard for毫不顾及；无视
o例句：The city has been built with no regard for its people.
4.depend entirely on完全取决于
o例句：The plan depends entirely on your support.
5.be deprived of被剥夺；丧失
o例句：Many people are deprived of basic necessities.
6.consist of由…… 组成；包含
o例句：The city consists of buildings and streets.
7.for the good of为了…… 的利益；为…… 着想
o例句：He did it for the good of the community.
8.give consideration to考虑到；顾及
o例句：We should give consideration to others’ feelings.
9.be crowded together挤在一起；聚集
o例句：People are crowded together in the street.
10.obtain maximum income获取最大收益
o例句：Companies try to obtain maximum income at low cost.
三、拓展高频搭配（写作 / 阅读高频，强烈建议背诵）
（1）城市与生活类
·modern city现代城市
·industrial life工业生活
·mode of existence生存方式
·way of living生活方式
·comfort and luxury舒适与奢华
·necessities of life生活必需品
·dark narrow streets阴暗狭窄的街道
·petrol fumes汽油烟雾
·taxicabs, lorries and buses出租车、卡车、公共汽车
·ceaseless crowds络绎不绝的人群
（2）工业与生产类
·maximum production最高产量
·lowest cost最低成本
·earn money赚钱
·run the machines操作机器
·artificial mode人为模式
·construction of buildings建筑建造
（3）社会与人相关
·mental state精神状态
·true nature of human beings人的真实本性
·effects on individuals对个人的影响
·offices and apartments办公室与公寓
·per square foot of ground每平方英尺地皮
（4）高级抽象搭配（写作加分）
·influence upon…对…… 的影响
·true nature真实本性
·artificial existence人为生存状态
·monstrous edifices巨型建筑
·toxic gases有毒气体
·public good公共利益
句型：
1. 万能批判 / 反思句（社会问题、城市、环境）
原句：
In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected.
套用句型：
In the organization of [领域], the influence of [事物 A] upon [事物 B] has been completely neglected.
作文示例：
In the development of urban life, the influence of fastpaced work upon the physical and mental health of young people has been completely neglected.
翻译：在城市生活的发展中，快节奏工作对年轻人身心健康的影响被完全忽视了。
2. 目的 / 理念表达（政策、科技、发展类）
原句：
Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible.
套用句型：
[主题] is based on the conception of [目标], in order that [人群] may [实现某事] as much as possible.
作文示例：
Modern education is based on the conception of allround development, in order that every student may improve their abilities as much as possible.
翻译：现代教育以全面发展为理念，目的是让每个学生尽可能提升自身能力。
3. 双重否定强调（批判忽视、冷漠、弊端）
原句：
It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants.
套用句型：
[事物] has developed without any idea of [本质 / 需求], and without giving any consideration to [影响 / 后果].
作文示例：
Online entertainment has developed without any idea of the real needs of teenagers, and without giving any consideration to the bad effects on their growth.
翻译：网络娱乐在发展中完全无视青少年的真实需求，也不考虑对其成长造成的负面影响。
4. 让步转折（高级对比，作文加分）
原句：
While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life.
套用句型：
While [享受 / 优势], they do not realize that they are deprived of [失去 / 缺失].
作文示例：
While many people enjoy the convenience of modern technology, they do not realize that they are deprived of the chance to communicate face to face.
翻译：许多人享受着现代科技的便利，却没意识到自己被剥夺了面对面交流的机会。
5. 总结批判句（结尾万能）
原句：
Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.
套用句型：
Obviously, [事物 / 制度 / 现象] has not been designed for the good of [人群 / 社会].
作文示例：
Obviously, this kind of lifestyle has not been chosen for the good of people’s physical and mental health.
翻译：显然，这种生活方式并不是为了人们的身心健康而选择的。
