课文：
1. First listen and then answer the following question.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法
- 句子结构：[First 状语] + [listen 谓语 1] + [and 连词] + [then 状语] + [answer 谓语 2] + [the following question 宾语]
2. At what point does the training of a captive wild elephant begin?
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 特殊疑问词at what point作状语，置于句首引发主谓倒装；② 名词所有格结构of a captive wild elephant作后置定语，修饰 the training。
- 句子结构：[At what point 状语] + [does 助动词] + [the training of a captive wild elephant 主语] + [begin 谓语]?
3. Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 主句用现在完成时的被动语态（have been used），表 “被使用”；② 关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前文的 Two main techniques，从句内作 call 的宾语；③ the tough and the gentle为 “the + 形容词” 结构，表一类事物（强硬法、温柔法）。
- 句子结构：[Two main techniques 主句主语] + [have been used 主句谓语] + [for training elephants 目的状语], + [which 关系代词 / 从句宾语] + [we 从句主语] + [may call 从句谓语] + [respectively 状语] + [the tough and the gentle 从句宾语补足语]。
4. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 主句谓语consists of（由…… 组成），后接动名词短语（setting...and beating...）作宾语，and 连接两个并列动名词；② until引导时间状语从句，表 “直到…… 才”；③ 状语从句内嵌套what引导的宾语从句，作 does 的宾语，what 在宾语从句中作主语；④ 固定搭配expect sth of sb（对某人期望某事），此处用被动is expected of him（他被期望做的事）。
- 句子结构：[The former method 主句主语] + [simply consists of 主句谓语] + [setting an elephant to work and beating him 动名词宾语] + [until 连词] + [he 状从主语] + [does 状从谓语] + [what is expected of him 宾语从句]。
5. Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training,
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 介词短语Apart from any moral considerations作评注性状语，表 “除了道义考量之外”；② of training作后置定语，修饰 a stupid method。
- 句子结构：[Apart from any moral considerations 状语] + [this 主语] + [is 系动词] + [a stupid method of training 表语]。
6. for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 并列连词for引导原因状语从句，表补充说明的原因（区别于 because 的直接原因）；② 关系代词who引导限制性定语从句，指代 a resentful animal（大象，拟人化用 who），在从句中作主语；③ 固定搭配may well（很可能），turn为连系动词，后接名词man-killer作表语，表 “变成伤人的动物”。
- 句子结构：[for 连词] + [it 状从主语] + [produces 状从谓语] + [a resentful animal 状从宾语] + [who 关系代词 / 定从主语] + [at a later stage 定从状语] + [may well turn 定从系动词] + [man-killer 定从表语]。
7. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages,
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：介词短语in the early stages作时间状语，修饰 requires。
- 句子结构：[The gentle method 主语] + [requires 谓语] + [more patience 宾语] + [in the early stages 状语]。
8. but produce a cheerful good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.
- 句子类型：复合句（并列句 + 定语从句，与前句由 but 连接）
- 核心语法：① 并列连词but连接前后两个并列句，主语均为 The gentle method，后句省略主语；② 形容词cheerful和good-tempered并列作定语，修饰 elephant；③ 关系代词who引导定语从句，指代 elephant（拟人化），从句用一般将来时表未来的动作。
- 句子结构：[but 连词] + [produce 谓语（省略主语 The gentle method）] + [a cheerful good-tempered elephant 宾语] + [who 关系代词 / 定从主语] + [will give 定从谓语] + [many years of loyal service 定从宾语]。
9. The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 介词短语in elephant training作后置定语，修饰 The first essential；② 不定式短语to assign...a single mahout作表语，assign为双宾语动词，结构为assign sth to sb（此处倒装为 assign to the animal a single mahout，因宾语 mahout 带定语，倒装使句子平衡）；③ 关系代词who引导定语从句，指代 a single mahout，在从句中作主语；④ 固定搭配be responsible for（对…… 负责）。
- 句子结构：[The first essential in elephant training 主语] + [is 系动词] + [to assign to the animal a single mahout 不定式表语] + [who 关系代词 / 定从主语] + [will be entirely responsible for 定从谓语] + [the job 定从宾语]。
10. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① just as引导比较状语从句，do为代动词，替代前文的 like to have one master，避免重复；② 并列连词and连接两个主句谓语（like 和 are capable of），主语均为 Elephants；③ 固定搭配be capable of（能够……），后接名词短语作宾语。
- 句子结构：[Elephants 主语] + [like to have one master 谓语 1 + 宾语 1] + [just as dogs do 比较状从] + [, and 连词] + [are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection 谓语 2 + 宾语 2]。
11. There are even stories of half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① There be存在句，表 “有……”；② 介词短语of half-trained elephant calves作后置定语，修饰 stories；③ 关系代词who引导定语从句，指代 elephant calves（拟人化），从句中并列谓语have refused和pined（均为现在完成时）；④ 固定搭配refuse to do（拒绝做），pine to death（消瘦致死）。
- 句子结构：[There are 存在句系动词] + [even stories of half-trained elephant calves 主语] + [who 关系代词 / 定从主语] + [have refused to feed and pined to death 定从并列谓语]。
12. when by some unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer.
- 句子类型：时间状语从句（与前句衔接，修饰 refused 和 pined）
- 核心语法：① when引导时间状语从句，表 “当…… 时”；② 被动语态have been deprived of（被剥夺 / 失去），固定搭配deprive sb of sth（剥夺某人某物）；③ 介词短语by some unavoidable circumstance作方式状语，表 “由于不可避免的情况”。
- 句子结构：[when 连词] + [by some unavoidable circumstance 状语] + [they 状从主语] + [have been deprived of 状从谓语] + [their own trainer 状从宾语]。
13. Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt,
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 情态动词must+ 副词probably+ 被动语态be taken，表 “很可能被以某种方式看待”；② 固定习语take sth with a grain of salt（对某事半信半疑），此处用被动。
- 句子结构：[Such extreme cases 主语] + [must probably be taken 谓语] + [with a grain of salt 方式状语]。
14. but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 并列连词but连接前后句，后句中do为强调助动词，加强谓语underline的语气（“确实强调”）；② 从属连词that引导同位语从句，解释说明 the general principle 的具体内容，that 在从句中不充当成分，不可省略；③ 介词短语between elephant and mahout作后置定语，修饰 the relationship；to successful training作后置定语，修饰 the key。
- 句子结构：[but 连词] + [they 主语] + [do underline 谓语] + [the general principle 宾语] + [that 连词 / 同位语从句引导词] + [the relationship between elephant and mahout 从句主语] + [is 从句系动词] + [the key to successful training 从句表语]。
15. The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between 15 and 20 years,
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 不定式短语to capture an elephant for training作后置定语，修饰 The most economical age；② 介词短语between 15 and 20 years作表语，表范围。
- 句子结构：[The most economical age to capture an elephant for training 主语] + [is 系动词] + [between 15 and 20 years 表语]。
16. for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① for引导原因状语从句，补充说明前句原因；② 从句中is ready to do和can begin to do为并列谓语，主语均为 it（指代大象）；③ 固定搭配earn one's keep（挣得生计，此处指 “挣回饲养成本”），straight away（立刻，马上）作状语。
- 句子结构：[for 连词] + [it 状从主语] + [is then almost ready to undertake heavy work 谓语 1] + [and 连词] + [can begin to earn its keep straight away 谓语 2]。
17. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 并列连词and连接两个并列句，前句主动，后句被动（must be employed）；② 固定搭配become subservient to（对…… 顺从）；③ a very firm hand为借代手法，指代 “强有力的训象员 / 严格的管理”。
- 句子结构：[But 连词] + [animals of this age 前句主语] + [do not easily become subservient to man 前句谓语 + 表语] + [, and 连词] + [a very firm hand 后句主语] + [must be employed 后句谓语] + [in the early stages 后句状语]。
18. The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger and fear.
- 句子类型：复合句（主句 + 时间状语从句，主句含并列谓语）
- 核心语法：① 过去分词短语still roped to a tree作后置定语，修饰 The captive elephant，表 “被拴在树上的”；② every time引导时间状语从句，表 “每当…… 时”（相当于 when）；③ 主句有三组并列谓语：plunges and screams（一般现在时）、will probably refuse（一般将来时），由 and 连接；④ 介词短语through anger and fear作原因状语，修饰 refuse。
- 句子结构：[The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, 主语] + [plunges and screams 谓语 1] + [every time a man approaches 时间状从] + [, and 连词] + [for several days 状语] + [will probably refuse 谓语 2] + [all food 宾语] + [through anger and fear 原因状语]。
19. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence,
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 一般现在时被动语态is tethered（被拴住）；② 不定式短语to give the wild one confidence作目的状语，the wild one指代 the wild elephant，避免重复。
- 句子结构：[Sometimes 状语] + [a tame elephant 主语] + [is tethered 谓语] + [nearby 地点状语] + [to give the wild one confidence 目的状语]。
20. and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① the captive为名词化形容词，指代 the captive elephant；② 并列谓语quietens down（平静下来）和begins to accept，由 and 连接；③ 介词短语in most cases作评注性状语。
- 句子结构：[and 连词] + [in most cases 状语] + [the captive 主语] + [gradually quietens down and begins to accept 并列谓语] + [its food 宾语]。
21. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment,
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 不定式短语to get the elephant to the training establishment作表语，表具体动作；② 固定搭配get sb/sth to sp（把某人 / 某物带到某地）。
- 句子结构：[The next stage 主语] + [is 系动词] + [to get the elephant to the training establishment 不定式表语]。
22. a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.
- 句子类型：复合句（同位语 + 定语从句 + 过去分词定语）
- 核心语法：① a ticklish business作前文整个不定式内容的同位语，表 “这件棘手的事”；② 关系代词which引导定语从句，指代 a ticklish business，从句用被动语态is achieved；③ 固定搭配with the aid of（在…… 的帮助下）；④ 过去分词短语roped to the captive on either side作后置定语，修饰 two tame elephants，表 “被拴在野象两侧的”。
- 句子结构：[a ticklish business 同位语] + [which 关系代词 / 定从主语] + [is achieved 定从谓语] + [with the aid of two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side 方式状语]。
23. When several elephants are being trained at one time,
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：are being trained为现在进行时的被动语态，表 “正在被训练”，强调动作正在进行且受动。
- 句子结构：[When 连词] + [several elephants 状从主语] + [are being trained 状从谓语] + [at one time 状从状语]。
24. it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 形式主语句型It is + 形容词 + for sb/sth + to do，It为形式主语，真正主语为不定式短语to be placed...；② the new arrival指代 the new captive elephant，the captives指代 the trained elephants；③ 关系代词whose引导定语从句，指代 two captives，whose training表 “它们的训练”，在从句中作主语；④ 不定式用被动to be placed，因 “新象被安置”。
- 句子结构：[it 形式主语] + [is customary 系表] + [for the new arrival 逻辑主语] + [to be placed between the stalls of two captives 真正主语] + [whose 关系代词 / 定从定语] + [training 定从主语] + [is already well advanced 定从系表]。
25. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① It指代 the new captive elephant，被动语态is left（被留下 / 被安置）；② 过去分词undisturbed作主语补足语，表 “处于不受惊扰的状态”；③ 介词短语with plenty of food and water作方式状语，表 “给以充足的食物和水”。
- 句子结构：[It 主语] + [is then left 谓语] + [completely undisturbed 主语补足语] + [with plenty of food and water 状语]。
26. so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to its companions.
- 句子类型：复合句（目的状语从句 + 宾语从句 + 后置定语）
- 核心语法：① so that引导目的状语从句，表 “以便……”，从句中并列谓语can absorb和 **(can) see**，省略第二个 can；② see后接that引导的宾语从句，that 可省略；③ 形容词particularly alarming作后置定语，修饰 nothing（形容词修饰不定代词需后置）；④ 宾语从句中用现在进行时（is happening），表正在发生的动作。
- 句子结构：[so that 连词] + [it 状从主语] + [can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see 状从并列谓语] + [that 连词] + [nothing particularly alarming 宾从主语] + [is happening 宾从谓语] + [to its companions 宾从状语]。
27. When it is eating normally, its own training begins.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：When引导时间状语从句，用现在进行时（is eating）表正在进行的状态，主句用一般现在时表客观事实。
- 句子结构：[When it is eating normally 时间状从] + [its own training 主句主语] + [begins 主句谓语]。
28. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 现在分词短语 **holding a long stick...** 作伴随状语，修饰 stands，表 “站着的同时手里拿着……”，逻辑主语为 The trainer；② 两层介词短语作定语：with a sharp metal point修饰 a long stick，sharp metal并列作定语修饰 point。
- 句子结构：[The trainer 主语] + [stands 谓语] + [in front of the elephant 地点状语] + [holding a long stick with a sharp metal point 伴随状语]。
29. Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side,
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：过去分词短语mounted on tame elephants作后置定语，修饰 Two assistants，表 “骑在驯服大象背上的”，相当于 who are mounted on...。
- 句子结构：[Two assistants, mounted on tame elephants, 主语] + [control 谓语] + [the captive 宾语] + [from either side 地点状语]。
30. while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 并列连词while连接前后句，表 “与此同时”，强调两个动作同时发生且对比；② 固定搭配to the accompaniment of（在…… 的伴奏 / 伴唱下）；③ 形容词monotonous和soothing并列作定语，修饰 chant。
- 句子结构：[while 连词] + [others 主语] + [rub 谓语] + [their hands 宾语] + [over his skin 地点状语] + [to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant 方式状语]。
31. This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant,
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 固定搭配be supposed to do（被认为应该做 / 据说）；② 介词短语in the elephant作状语，表 “在大象身上”。
- 句子结构：[This 主语] + [is supposed to induce 谓语] + [pleasurable sensations 宾语] + [in the elephant 状语]。
32. and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets,
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：一般现在时被动语态are reinforced（被加强），介词短语by the use of endearing epithets作方式状语，表 “通过…… 的方式”。
- 句子结构：[and 连词] + [its effects 主语] + [are reinforced 谓语] + [by the use of endearing epithets 方式状语]。
33. such as 'ho! my son', or 'ho! my father', or 'my mother', according to the age and sex of the captive.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① such as引导举例插入语，修饰前文的 endearing epithets；② 介词短语according to the age and sex of the captive作方式状语，表 “根据……”。
- 句子结构：[such as 'ho! my son', or 'ho! my father', or 'my mother' 插入语] + [, according to the age and sex of the captive 方式状语]。
34. The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 副词however作插入语，表转折，前后用逗号隔开；② 固定搭配be susceptible to（易受…… 影响的）；③ 并列连词and连接两个主句谓语：is not...susceptible和lashes；④ 副词fiercely作状语修饰 lashes，介词短语with its trunk和in all directions分别作方式、地点状语。
- 句子结构：[The elephant 主语] + [is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments 谓语 1 + 表语] + [, however, 插入语] + [and 连词] + [usually lashes fiercely 谓语 2] + [with its trunk in all directions 状语]。
35. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick,
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 一般现在时被动语态are controlled（被控制）；② 复合形容词metal-pointed（金属尖头的）作定语，修饰 stick，由 “名词 + 过去分词” 构成；③ 介词短语by the trainer表动作执行者，with the metal-pointed stick表方式。
- 句子结构：[These movements 主语] + [are controlled 谓语] + [by the trainer 施动者状语] + [with the metal-pointed stick 方式状语]。
36. and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.
- 句子类型
- 核心语法：① 并列连词and连接前后句，后句含so...that...结果状语从句，表 “如此…… 以至于……”；② 结果状语从句中并列谓语curls it up（把它卷起来）和uses it，由 and 连接；③ 介词短语for offensive purposes作目的状语，修饰 uses it；afterwards作时间状语。
- 句子结构：[and 连词] + [the trunk 主语] + [eventually becomes so sore 系表] + [that 连词] + [the elephant 状从主语] + [curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it 状从并列谓语] + [for offensive purposes 状从状语]。
一、核心动词 / 动词短语
capture /ˈkæptʃə(r)/v. 捕获；俘获文中用法：capture an elephant 捕捉大象拓展：capture animals for training 捕捉动物用于训练
assign /əˈsaɪn/v. 指派；分配文中用法：assign to the animal a single mahout 给大象指派一名训象员固定搭配：assign sb to do sth 指派某人做某事
deprive /dɪˈpraɪv/v. 剥夺；使丧失文中用法：have been deprived of their own trainer 与主人分离固定搭配：deprive sb/sth of sth 剥夺某人 / 某物的……
underline /ˌʌndəˈlaɪn/v. 强调；突出文中用法：underline the general principle 强调基本原则拓展：underline the importance of sth 强调某事的重要性
undertake /ˌʌndəˈteɪk/v. 承担；从事文中用法：undertake heavy work 干重活拓展：undertake a task 承担一项任务
plunge /plʌndʒ/v. 猛冲；扑文中用法：plunges and screams every time a man approaches 有人走近时猛冲尖叫
tether /ˈteðə(r)/v. 拴住；系住文中用法：a tame elephant is tethered nearby 一头驯服的象被拴在旁边
quieten /ˈkwaɪətn/v. 平静下来；安静文中用法：the captive gradually quietens down 被捕的大象慢慢静下来搭配：quieten down 平静下来
induce /ɪnˈdjuːs/v. 引起；诱发文中用法：induce pleasurable sensations 产生愉悦的感觉
reinforce /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs/v. 加强；强化文中用法：its effects are reinforced 效果被加强
lash /læʃ/v. 猛甩；抽打文中用法：lashes fiercely with its trunk 用鼻子猛烈甩动
curl /kɜːl/v. 卷曲；蜷缩文中用法：curls it up 把鼻子卷起来搭配：curl up 卷起来；蜷缩
consist of 由…… 组成文中用法：consists of setting an elephant to work 由驱使大象干活组成【注意】无被动语态，主语为单数时用 consists of
pine to death 消瘦致死；郁郁而终文中用法：refused to feed and pined to death 拒绝进食，消瘦致死
earn one's keep 挣得生计；挣回饲养成本文中用法：begin to earn its keep 开始挣回饲养开支
turn man-killer 变成伤人的动物turn 后接名词，表 “变成……”
quieten down 平静下来；安静下来文中指野象逐渐适应后不再焦躁
二、核心名词
technique /tekˈniːk/n. 方法；技巧文中：two main techniques 两种主要方法
mahout /məˈhaʊt/n. 训象员（专属词汇，需重点记）
calf /kɑːf/n. 幼崽；小象（复数：calves /kɑːvz/）文中：half-trained elephant calves 训练了一半的小象
principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/n. 原则；准则文中：the general principle 基本原则
establishment /ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt/n. 场所；机构文中：the training establishment 训练场所
stall /stɔːl/n. 畜栏；象厩文中：between the stalls of two captives 两头大象的象厩中间
chant /tʃɑːnt/n. 反复吟唱的歌曲；圣歌文中：a monotonous and soothing chant 单调的舒缓歌曲
sensation /senˈseɪʃn/n. 感觉；感受文中：pleasurable sensations 愉悦的感觉
epithet /ˈepɪθet/n. 称呼；绰号文中：endearing epithets 亲切的外号
blandishment /ˈblændɪʃmənt/n. 讨好的话；奉承话（常用复数）文中：such blandishments 这些讨好的话
trunk /trʌŋk/n. （大象的）鼻子（专属词汇）
circumstance /ˈsɜːkəmstəns/n. 情况；情形（常用复数）文中：some unavoidable circumstance 不可避免的情况
三、形容词 / 副词
形容词
captive /ˈkæptɪv/adj. 被捕获的；被囚禁的 n. 俘虏；被捕的动物文中：a captive wild elephant 被捕的野生大象（adj.）；the captive 被捕的大象（n.）
resentful /rɪˈzentfl/adj. 愤愤不平的；反感的文中：a resentful animal 心生反感的动物
cheerful /ˈtʃɪəfl/adj. 愉快的；高兴的文中：a cheerful good-tempered elephant 性情愉快的大象
good-tempered /ˌɡʊd ˈtempəd/adj. 脾气温顺的；好脾气的合成形容词：good（好）+tempered（有脾气的）
essential /ɪˈsenʃl/adj. 极其重要的；必不可少的 n. 必需品文中：The first essential 最重要的事（n.）
economical /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪkl/adj. 经济的；划算的文中：the most economical age 最划算的年龄
subservient /səbˈsɜːviənt/adj. 顺从的；俯首帖耳的搭配：subservient to sb 对某人顺从
tame /teɪm/adj. 驯服的；温顺的 v. 驯服文中：a tame elephant 驯服的大象（adj.）
ticklish /ˈtɪklɪʃ/adj. 棘手的；难处理的文中：a ticklish business 一件棘手的事
monotonous /məˈnɒtənəs/adj. 单调的；乏味的文中：a monotonous and soothing chant 单调的歌曲
soothing /ˈsuːðɪŋ/adj. 舒缓的；抚慰人心的文中：soothing chant 舒缓的歌曲
endearing /ɪnˈdɪərɪŋ/adj. 惹人喜爱的；亲切的文中：endearing epithets 亲切的外号
susceptible /səˈseptəbl/adj. 易受影响的搭配：susceptible to sth 易受…… 影响
sore /sɔː(r)/adj. 疼痛的；酸痛的文中：the trunk eventually becomes so sore 鼻子最后疼得厉害
offensive /əˈfensɪv/adj. 进攻性的；冒犯的文中：for offensive purposes 用于进攻的目的
副词
respectively /rɪˈspektɪvli/adv. 分别地；各自地文中：call respectively the tough and the gentle 分别称之为强硬法和温柔法
considerably /kənˈsɪdərəbli/adv. 相当地；非常地文中：a considerable degree of personal affection 相当深厚的感情（形容词形式 considerable）
eventually /ɪˈventʃuəli/adv. 最终；最后文中：the trunk eventually becomes so sore 鼻子最后疼得厉害
fiercely /ˈfɪəsli/adv. 猛烈地；凶猛地文中：lashes fiercely 猛烈地甩动
straight away 立刻；马上（副词短语）文中：can begin to earn its keep straight away 可以很快挣回饲养开支
四、固定搭配 / 习语（高频考点）
take sth with a grain of salt 对某事半信半疑；持怀疑态度文中：Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt. 这种极端事例虽不可全信。
be responsible for 对…… 负责文中：be entirely responsible for the job 全面负责这项工作
be capable of 能够；有能力做……文中：are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection 能产生相当深厚的感情
expect sth of sb 对某人期望某事文中：what is expected of him 他被期望做的事（被动形式）
may well 很可能；极有可能文中：may well turn man-killer 很可能变成伤人的动物
with the aid of 在…… 的帮助下文中：achieved with the aid of two tame elephants 在两头驯象的帮助下完成
to the accompaniment of 在…… 的伴唱 / 伴奏下文中：to the accompaniment of a monotonous chant 在单调歌曲的伴唱下
be supposed to do 被认为；据说；应该文中：This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations. 据说这是为了使大象产生愉悦的感觉。
be susceptible to 易受…… 影响的文中：The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments. 大象不会立刻被这些讨好的话感动。
in all directions 朝各个方向；四面八方文中：lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions 用鼻子朝各个方向猛烈甩动
句型：
一、非限制性定语从句（指代前文整句 / 名词，补充说明）
句型结构
主句 + , which/who + 从句（which 指代事物 / 整句，who 拟人化指代动物 / 人）
文中原句
- Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle.
- This is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn man-killer.
核心用法
which 引导的非限制性定语从句不可用 that 替代，逗号不可省；动物拟人化时可用 who 替代 which，让表达更生动。
仿写示例
He adopted a stray dog, which he named Lucky later.
二、for 引导的原因状语从句（补充说明原因，区别于 because）
句型结构
主句 + , for + 从句（表 “附带说明的原因”，不可置于句首，语气弱于 because）
文中原句
- Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who may turn man-killer.
- The most economical age to capture an elephant is 15-20 years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work.
核心用法
用于先讲结论、后补充原因的语境，适合正式书面表达，避免重复使用 because。
仿写示例
She refused the invitation, for she had to take care of her sick mother.
三、so...that... 结果状语从句（表 “如此…… 以至于……”）
句型结构
主语 + 谓语 + so + 形容词 / 副词 + that + 结果从句
文中原句
The trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.
核心用法
so 后接形容词 / 副词，若接名词需用 such...that...（such + 名词 + that）。
仿写示例
He was so tired that he fell asleep the moment he lay down.
四、so that 目的状语从句（表 “以便；为了”）
句型结构
主句 + so that + 从句（从句常用 can/could/may/might，表目的）
文中原句
It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home.
核心用法
区别于 so...that...（无逗号，后接目的而非结果），可替换 in order that（更正式）。
仿写示例
We study hard so that we can achieve our dreams.
五、形式主语句型（It 作形式主语，真正主语后置，平衡句式）
句型结构
It + be + 形容词 + for sb/sth + to do sth（真正主语为 to do 短语）
文中原句
It is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two well-trained captives.
核心用法
避免因真正主语过长导致头重脚轻，常见形容词：customary, important, necessary, difficult 等。
仿写示例
It is important for us to master basic English grammar.
六、比较状语从句（just as + 从句，表 “正如…… 一样”）
句型结构
主句 + just as + 从句（从句常用代动词 do/does/did 替代前文动作，避免重复）
文中原句
Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection.
核心用法
just as 表 “同类比较”，代动词 do 替代前文的实义动词（此处替代 like to have one master）。
仿写示例
Cats like staying alone just as tigers do.
七、时间状语从句（every time/when 引导，表 “每当 / 当…… 时”）
句型结构
- every time + 从句（相当于 when，表 “每当”，无需加介词）
- When + 进行时从句 + 主句（表 “某个动作正在进行时，另一个动作发生”）
文中原句
- The captive elephant plunges and screams every time a man approaches.
- When it is eating normally, its own training begins.
核心用法
every time 为连词短语，可直接引导从句，比 when 更强调 “每次发生”；when 引导的从句用进行时，表 “状态的持续”。
仿写示例
He smiles at me every time he sees me.
八、被动语态 + 不定式 / 介词短语（正式书面表达，突出动作对象）
句型结构
- 主语 + be + 过去分词 + to do sth（表 “被要求 / 被安排做某事”）
- 主语 + be + 过去分词 + by/with/for 介词短语（表动作执行者 / 方式 / 目的）
文中原句
- Such extreme cases must probably be taken with a grain of salt.
- Its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets.
- The new arrival is to be placed between the stalls of two captives.
核心用法
说明文 / 议论文中高频使用，避免频繁使用人称主语，让表达更客观正式。
仿写示例
The new rule will be carried out by the school next month.
九、强调助动词 do/does/did（加强谓语语气，表 “确实；的确”）
句型结构
主语 + do/does/did + 动词原形 + 其他（用于一般现在 / 过去时，无进行时 / 完成时）
文中原句
But they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key.
核心用法
用于突出强调谓语动作，适合书面表达中的观点强化，口语中也可使用。
仿写示例
We do believe that hard work leads to success.
十、名词化形容词（the + 形容词，表 “一类人 / 事物”，简洁表达）
句型结构
the + 形容词（指代前文提到的同类人 / 事物，作主语 / 宾语）
文中原句
- We may call respectively the tough and the gentle（指代 the tough method and the gentle method）.
- The captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food（指代 the captive elephant）.
核心用法
避免重复前文的名词，让句子更简洁紧凑，常见搭配：the poor, the rich, the old 等。
仿写示例
The doctor comforted the injured（指代 the injured people）and gave them first aid.
十一、分词作定语 / 伴随状语（简化定语从句 / 并列句，让句式更简洁）
句型结构
- 名词 + 过去分词 / 现在分词（作后置定语，替代 who/which + be + 分词）
- 主句，现在分词短语（作伴随状语，逻辑主语为主句主语，表同时发生的动作）
文中原句
- The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams（过去分词作后置定语，替代 which is still roped to a tree）.
- The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point（现在分词作伴随状语，替代 and holds）.
核心用法
书面表达中高频提分句式，避免从句堆砌，让句子更流畅。
仿写示例
The girl, dressed in a red dress, is dancing in the park.
十二、同位语从句（that 引导，解释说明抽象名词的具体内容）
句型结构
抽象名词（principle/fact/truth/idea）+ that + 从句（that 不充当成分，不可省略）
文中原句
They do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.
核心用法
区别于定语从句（that 充当成分，可省略），同位语从句用于解释抽象名词的具体含义，高频抽象名词：principle, fact, news, belief 等。
仿写示例
We all know the fact that the earth goes around the sun.
