Recording an earthquake
课文
1. An earthquake comes like a thief in the night, without warning.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：主语 An earthquake | 谓语 comes（不及物动词）| 方式状语 like a thief in the night（介词短语）| 伴随状语 without warning（介词短语）
2. It was necessary, therefore, to invent instruments that neither slumbered nor slept.
- 句子结构：形式主语 It + 系表 + 插入语 + 真正主语（不定式）+ 定语从句
- 成分拆解：形式主语 It | 系动词 was | 表语 necessary | 插入语 therefore | 真正主语 to invent instruments（不定式短语）| 定语从句 that neither slumbered nor slept（修饰 instruments，that 作从句主语，并列谓语 slumbered/slept）
- 译文：因此，有必要发明一种仪器，既不打盹儿，也不睡觉。
3. Some devices were quite simple.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：主语 Some devices | 系动词 were | 表语 quite simple（形容词短语）
4. One, for instance, consisted of rods of various lengths and thicknesses which would stand up on end like ninepins.
- 句子结构：S+V+O + 插入语 + 后置定语 + 定语从句
- 成分拆解：主语 One（指代 device）| 插入语 for instance | 谓语 consisted of（固定动词短语）| 宾语 rods | 后置定语 of various lengths and thicknesses（介词短语，修饰 rods）| 定语从句 which would stand up on end like ninepins（修饰 rods，which 作从句主语，on end/like ninepins 为从句方式状语）
- 译文：例如，有一种装置是由一些长短、粗细不同的木棒组成，就像九柱戏的木棒一样竖立着。
5. When a shock came, it shook the rigid table upon which these stood.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：时间状语从句 When a shock came（主语 a shock，谓语 came）| 主句主语 it（指代 shock）| 主句谓语 shook（及物动词）| 主句宾语 the rigid table | 定语从句 upon which these stood（修饰 table，介词 + 关系代词引导，these 指代 rods，stood 为从句谓语，upon which 作从句地点状语）
- 译文：一旦有地震，就会震动竖立在坚硬桌子上的木棒。
6. If it were gentle, only the more unstable rods fell.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：条件状语从句 If it were gentle（it 指代 shock，系动词 were，表语 gentle，与现在事实相反的虚拟）| 主句主语 only the more unstable rods | 主句谓语 fell（不及物动词）
7. If it were severe, they all fell.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：条件状语从句 If it were severe（it 指代 shock，系动词 were，表语 severe）| 主句主语 they all（they 指代 rods）| 主句谓语 fell
8. Thus the rods, by falling, and by the direction in which they fell, recorded for the slumbering scientist the strength of a shock that was too weak to waken him, and the direction from which it came.
- 句子结构：S+V+IO+DO（主谓双宾）+ 方式状语 + 两个定语从句
- 成分拆解：状语 Thus | 主语 the rods | 方式状语 by falling and by the direction in which they fell（并列介词短语，in which they fell 为定语从句修饰 direction）| 谓语 recorded | 间接宾语 for the slumbering scientist | 直接宾语 1the strength of a shock + 定语从句 that was too weak to waken him（修饰 shock）| 直接宾语 2the direction + 定语从句 from which it came（修饰 direction，it 指代 shock）
- 译文：由于地震太弱而未惊醒科学家时，木棒倒下的多少和倒下的方向就为科学家记录下了地震的强度和地震的方向。
9. But instruments far more delicate than that were needed if any really serious advance was to be made.
- 句子结构：转折连词 + S+V（被动）+ 后置定语 + 条件状语从句
- 成分拆解：连词 But | 主语 instruments | 后置定语 far more delicate than that（形容词比较级短语，修饰 instruments）| 谓语 were needed（一般过去时被动）| 条件状语从句 if any really serious advance was to be made（主语 advance，谓语 was to be made，被动）
- 译文：但是，如果要取得真正的重大进展，需要比这种装置精细得多的仪器。
10. The ideal to be aimed at was to devise an instrument that could record with a pen on paper, the movements of the ground or of the table as the quake passed by.
- 句子结构：S+V+P + 后置定语 + 表语（不定式）+ 定语从句 + 时间状语从句
- 成分拆解：主语 The ideal | 后置定语 to be aimed at（不定式被动，修饰 ideal）| 系动词 was | 表语 to devise an instrument（不定式短语）| 定语从句 that could record...the movements...（修饰 instrument，that 作从句主语，with a pen on paper 为从句方式状语，the movements 为从句宾语，of the ground or of the table 为宾语后置定语）| 时间状语从句 as the quake passed by（修饰 record，主语 quake，谓语 passed by）
- 译文：理想的目标是设计出这样一种仪器：当地震发生时，它能用笔在纸上记录下大地和桌子的运动情况。
11. While I write my pen moves, but the paper keeps still.
- 句子结构：时间状语从句 + 并列句（S+Vi + S+V+P）
- 成分拆解：时间状语从句 While I write（主语 I，谓语 write）| 并列分句 1my pen moves（主语 my pen，谓语 moves，不及物）| 转折连词 but | 并列分句 2the paper keeps still（主语 the paper，系动词 keeps，表语 still）
12. With practice, no doubt, I could in time learn to write by holding the pen still while the paper moved.
- 句子结构：条件状语 + 插入语 + S+V+O + 方式状语 + 时间状语从句
- 成分拆解：条件状语 With practice（介词短语）| 插入语 no doubt | 主语 I | 谓语 could learn | 宾语 to write（不定式）| 方式状语 by holding the pen still（介词 + 动名词短语）| 时间状语从句 while the paper moved（修饰 holding，主语 paper，谓语 moved）
- 译文：毫无疑问，通过训练，我最终能够学会笔不动而纸动来写字。
13. That sounds a silly suggestion, but that was precisely the idea adopted in some of the early instruments (seismometers) for recording earthquake waves.
- 句子结构：并列句（S+V+P + S+V+P）+ 后置定语 + 同位语 + 目的定语
- 成分拆解：分句 1That sounds a silly suggestion（主语 That，系动词 sounds，表语 a silly suggestion）| 转折连词 but | 分句 2that was precisely the idea（主语 that，系动词 was，表语 the idea，precisely 为状语）| 后置定语 adopted in some of the early instruments（过去分词短语，修饰 idea）| 同位语 (seismometers)（解释 instruments）| 目的定语 for recording earthquake waves（介词短语，修饰 instruments）
- 译文：这听起来似乎是一种愚蠢的想法，但是早期记录地震波的仪器（测震仪）正是采用了这种思路。
14. But when table, penholder and paper are all moving, how is it possible to write legibly?
- 句子结构：转折连词 + 时间状语从句 + 特殊疑问句（形式主语 It + 系表 + 真正主语）
- 成分拆解：连词 But | 时间状语从句 when table, penholder and paper are all moving（并列主语，系动词 are，表语 moving）| 疑问副词 how | 系动词 is | 形式主语 It | 表语 possible | 真正主语 to write legibly（不定式短语，legibly 为状语）
- 译文：可是，当桌子、笔杆、纸都在移动时，怎么能书写得清楚呢？
15. The key to a solution of that problem lay in an everyday observation.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：主语 The key | 后置定语 to a solution of that problem（介词短语层层修饰，to a solution 修饰 key，of that problem 修饰 solution）| 谓语 lay in（固定动词短语）| 宾语 an everyday observation
- 译文：可以从我们的日常生活观察中找到这个问题的答案。
16. Why does a person standing in a bus or train tend to fall when a sudden start is made?
- 句子结构：特殊疑问句 + 现在分词后置定语 + 时间状语从句（被动）
- 成分拆解：疑问副词 Why | 助动词 does | 主语 a person | 后置定语 standing in a bus or train（现在分词短语，修饰 person）| 谓语 tend to fall | 时间状语从句 when a sudden start is made（主语 a sudden start，谓语 is made，被动）
- 译文：一个人站在公共汽车或者火车上，当车突然开动时，他为什么会倾倒呢？
17. It is because his feet move on, but his head stays still.
- 句子结构：形式主语 It + 系表 + 原因状语从句（并列句）
- 成分拆解：形式主语 It | 系动词 is | 表语 because...（原因状语从句）| 从句内并列句：his feet move on（S+Vi）+ 转折连词 but + his head stays still（S+V+P）
18. A simple experiment will help us a little further.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：主语 A simple experiment | 谓语 will help | 间接宾语 us | 直接宾语 a little further（程度状语，补充说明 help 的效果）
- 译文：一个简单的实验可以帮助我们进一步理解这个问题。
19. Tie a heavy weight at the end of a long piece of string.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：谓语 Tie（祈使句无主语）| 宾语 a heavy weight | 地点状语 at the end of a long piece of string（介词短语，层层修饰）
20. With the hand held high in the air, hold the string so that the weight nearly touches the ground.
- 句子结构：独立主格结构（伴随状语）+ 祈使句 + 目的状语从句
- 成分拆解：独立主格 With the hand held high in the air（逻辑主语 the hand，过去分词 held 表被动，high in the air 为补语）| 祈使句谓语 hold | 祈使句宾语 the string | 目的状语从句 so that the weight nearly touches the ground（主语 the weight，谓语 touches，宾语 the ground）
- 译文：把手高举在空中握住绳子，使重物几乎接触地面。
21. Now move the hand to and fro and around but not up and down.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：时间状语 Now | 祈使句谓语 move | 宾语 the hand | 方式状语 to and fro and around but not up and down（并列副词短语，表动作方向）
- 译文：然后把手前后左右以及旋转摆动，但不要上下摆动。
22. It will be found that the weight moves but slightly or not at all.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：形式主语 It | 谓语 will be found（被动）| 宾语从句 that the weight moves but slightly or not at all（主语 the weight，谓语 moves，but slightly/or not at all 为程度状语）
23. Imagine a pen attached to the weight in such a way that its point rests upon a piece of paper on the floor.
- 句子结构：祈使句（V+O + 后置定语）+ 结果状语从句 + 地点状语
- 成分拆解：祈使句谓语 Imagine | 宾语 a pen | 后置定语 attached to the weight（过去分词短语，修饰 pen）| 方式状语 in such a way | 结果状语从句 that its point rests upon a piece of paper（主语 its point，谓语 rests upon，宾语 a piece of paper）| 地点状语 on the floor（修饰 paper）
- 译文：假定把一支笔拴在重物上，笔尖落在地板上的一张纸上。
24. Imagine an earthquake shock shaking the floor, the paper, you and your hand.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：祈使句谓语 Imagine | 宾语 an earthquake shock | 宾语补足语 shaking the floor, the paper, you and your hand（现在分词短语，补充说明 shock 的动作）
- 译文：假定地震发生了，地板、纸、你和你的手都会发生震动。
25. In the midst of all this movement, the weight and the pen would be still.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：地点状语 In the midst of all this movement（介词短语）| 并列主语 the weight and the pen | 系动词 would be | 表语 still
26. But as the paper moved from side to side under the pen point, its movement would be recorded in ink upon its surface.
- 句子结构：转折连词 + 时间状语从句 + S+V（被动）+ 方式 / 地点状语
- 成分拆解：连词 But | 时间状语从句 as the paper moved from side to side under the pen point（主语 paper，谓语 moved，from side to side/under the pen point 为方式 / 地点状语）| 主句主语 its movement（it 指代 paper）| 主句谓语 would be recorded（被动）| 方式状语 in ink | 地点状语 upon its surface
- 译文：由于纸在笔尖下来回运动，纸的表面就会用墨水记录下地板运动的情况。
27. It was upon this principle that the first instruments were made, but the paper was wrapped round a drum which rotated slowly.
- 句子结构：强调句（It was...that...）+ 转折并列句 + 定语从句
- 成分拆解：强调句 It was upon this principle that the first instruments were made（强调地点状语 upon this principle，原句为 The first instruments were made upon this principle）| 转折连词 but | 并列句 the paper was wrapped round a drum（主语 paper，谓语 was wrapped round，宾语 a drum，被动）| 定语从句 which rotated slowly（修饰 drum，which 作从句主语，谓语 rotated）
- 译文：根据这一原理，制造出了最初的地震仪器，但是纸是卷在慢慢旋转的圆筒上的。
28. As long as all was still, the pen drew a straight line.
- 句子结构：条件状语从句（As long as）+ S+V+O
- 成分拆解：条件状语从句 As long as all was still（主语 all，系动词 was，表语 still）| 主句主语 the pen | 主句谓语 drew | 主句宾语 a straight line
29. but while the drum was being shaken, the line that the pen was drawing wriggled from side to side.
- 句子结构：转折连词 + 时间状语从句（过去进行时被动）+ S+V+O + 定语从句 + 方式状语
- 成分拆解：连词 but | 时间状语从句 while the drum was being shaken（主语 drum，谓语 was being shaken，过去进行时被动）| 主句主语 the line | 定语从句 that the pen was drawing（修饰 line，that 作从句宾语，主语 the pen，谓语 was drawing）| 主句谓语 wriggled | 方式状语 from side to side
- 译文：但是，圆筒受到震动，笔所画出来的线就会左右摆动。
30. The apparatus thus described, however, records only the horizontal component of the wave movement, which is, in fact, much more complicated.
- 句子结构：S + 后置定语 + 插入语 + V+O + 非限制性定语从句 + 插入语
- 成分拆解：主语 The apparatus | 后置定语 thus described（过去分词短语，修饰 apparatus）| 插入语 however | 谓语 records | 宾语 only the horizontal component of the wave movement（only 为状语，of the wave movement 修饰 component）| 非限制性定语从句 which is much more complicated（修饰 the wave movement，which 作从句主语）| 插入语 in fact
- 译文：然而，这里所描述的这种仪器，记录下来的只是地震波运动中的水平部分，地震波的运动实际比这要复杂得多。
31. If we could actually see the path described by a particle, such as a sand grain in the rock, it would be more like that of a bluebottle buzzing round the room; it would be up and down, to and fro and from side to side.
- 句子结构：条件状语从句（虚拟语气）+ 插入语 + 主句（S+V+P）+ 并列主句（S+V+P）+ 表语补足语
- 成分拆解：条件状语从句 If we could actually see the path（主语 we，谓语 could see，宾语 the path，actually 为状语，与现在事实相反的虚拟）| 后置定语 described by a particle（过去分词，修饰 path）| 插入语 such as a sand grain in the rock（举例说明 particle）| 主句 1it would be more like that of a bluebottle（it 指代 path，系动词 would be，表语 like that of a bluebottle）| 现在分词后置定语 buzzing round the room（修饰 bluebottle）| 并列连词；| 主句 2it would be up and down, to and fro and from side to side（it 指代 path，系动词 would be，表语为三个并列副词短语）
- 译文：假如我们真能看到诸如岩石中一个沙粒分子的运动轨迹，那就像一只嗡嗡叫的绿头苍蝇在屋内的飞行轨迹，呈现出上上下下、来来回回、左左右右三种运动形式。
32. Instruments have been devised and can be so placed that all three elements can be recorded in different graphs.
- 句子结构：S + 并列谓语（均为被动）+ 结果状语从句（被动）
- 成分拆解：主语 Instruments | 并列谓语 have been devised（现在完成时被动）and can be so placed（情态动词 + 被动，so 为状语）| 结果状语从句 that all three elements can be recorded in different graphs（主语 all three elements，谓语 can be recorded，被动，in different graphs 为地点状语）
- 译文：已经设计出了一些仪器，把它们按照一定的方式安放就可以记录下这三种运动形式的曲线图。
33. When the instrument is situated at more than 700 miles from the earthquake centre, the graphic record shows three waves arriving one after the other at short intervals.
- 句子结构：时间状语从句（被动）+ S+V+O + 现在分词后置定语 + 方式状语
- 成分拆解：时间状语从句 When the instrument is situated at more than 700 miles from the earthquake centre（主语 instrument，谓语 is situated，被动，地点状语 at...from...）| 主句主语 the graphic record | 主句谓语 shows | 主句宾语 three waves | 现在分词后置定语 arriving one after the other at short intervals（修饰 waves，表伴随，one after the other/at short intervals 为方式 / 时间状语）
- 译文：如果把这种仪器安放在距离震中 700 多英里远的地方，曲线记录就能显示出前后相间的这 3 种地震波。
34. The first records the arrival of longitudinal vibrations.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：主语 The first（指代 the first wave）| 谓语 records | 宾语 the arrival | 后置定语 of longitudinal vibrations（介词短语，修饰 arrival）
35. The second marks the arrival of transverse vibrations which travel more slowly and arrive several minutes after the first.
- 句子结构：S+V+O + 后置定语 + 定语从句（并列谓语）
- 成分拆解：主语 The second（指代 the second wave）| 谓语 marks | 宾语 the arrival | 后置定语 of transverse vibrations（修饰 arrival）| 定语从句 which travel more slowly and arrive several minutes after the first（修饰 transverse vibrations，which 作从句主语，并列谓语 travel/arrive，more slowly/after the first 为状语）
- 译文：然后记录下来的是横向波的到达，横向波比纵向波传播得慢，在纵向波到达几分钟后才能到达。
36. These two have travelled through the earth.
- 句子结构
- 成分拆解：主语 These two（指代前两句的纵向波 / 横向波）| 谓语 have travelled（现在完成时）| 地点状语 through the earth
37. It was from the study of these that so much was learnt about the interior of the earth.
- 句子结构：强调句（It was...that...）+ 后置定语 / 状语
- 成分拆解：强调句 It was from the study of these that so much was learnt（强调地点状语 from the study of these，these 指代 two waves，原句为 So much was learnt from the study of these）| 后置定语 about the interior of the earth（修饰 so much，of the earth 修饰 interior）
- 译文：正是从这两种波的研究中，我们可以了解到地球内部的许多情况。
38. The third, or main wave is the slowest and has travelled round the earth through the surface rocks.
- 句子结构：S + 同位语 + 并列谓语（S+V+P + S+V）+ 地点状语
- 成分拆解：主语 The third | 同位语 or main wave | 并列谓语 1is the slowest（系表结构，表语 the slowest）| 并列谓语 2has travelled（现在完成时）| 地点状语 round the earth through the surface rocks（并列介词短语，表运动轨迹）
- 译文：第三种波，即主波，是最慢的，是围绕地球通过表面岩石传来的。
单词
一、核心实词
名词（n.）
earthquake /ˈɜːθkweɪk/ 地震；大动荡
- 课文搭配：recording an earthquake 记录地震；earthquake centre 震中；earthquake shock 地震震动
- 拓展：earthquake wave 地震波；severe earthquake 强烈地震
instrument /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ 仪器；工具；乐器
- 课文搭配：invent instruments 发明仪器；the first instruments 初代仪器
- 辨析：instrument 侧重科学 / 专业仪器；tool 侧重手工工具
device /dɪˈvaɪs/ 装置；设备；手段
- 拓展：electronic device 电子设备；a simple device 简易装置
shock /ʃɒk/ 震动；冲击；震惊
- 课文搭配：a shock came 发生震动；earthquake shock 地震震动
- 词性拓展：v. 使震惊；使受冲击（be shocked at sth 对某事感到震惊）
principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/ 原理；原则；准则
- 课文搭配：upon this principle 根据这一原理；basic principle 基本原理
- 搭配：in principle 原则上；on the principle of 基于…… 的原理
movement /ˈmuːvmənt/ 运动；移动；活动
- 课文搭配：wave movement 波的运动；the movements of the ground 地面的运动
inertia /ɪˈnɜːʃə/ 惯性；惰性
- 课文搭配：give it an inertia 赋予其惯性
- 拓展：inertia of motion 运动惯性（物理专业词汇，贴合本课语境）
component /kəmˈpəʊnənt/ 成分；部件；组成部分
- 课文搭配：the horizontal component 水平成分
- 搭配：key component 关键部件；component part 组成部分
vibration /vaɪˈbreɪʃn/ 震动；振动
- 课文搭配：longitudinal vibrations 纵向震动；transverse vibrations 横向震动
- 词根：vibrate v. 震动；颤动（The ground vibrated during the earthquake. 地震时地面在震动。）
apparatus /ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/ 仪器；设备；装置（正式，侧重成套设备）
- 课文搭配：the apparatus thus described 这里所描述的仪器
动词（v.）
record /rɪˈkɔːd/v. 记录；录制；标明 /ˈrekɔːd/n. 记录；唱片
- 课文搭配：record the strength of a shock 记录震动的强度；record in ink 用墨水记录
- 搭配：keep a record 做记录；a record of sth 某事的记录
devise /dɪˈvaɪz/ 设计；发明；策划
- 课文搭配：devise an instrument 设计一种仪器
- 拓展：devise a plan 制定计划；be devised by sb 由某人设计
slumber /ˈslʌmbə/v. 沉睡；休眠；蛰伏 n. 睡眠
- 课文搭配：neither slumbered nor slept 既不打盹也不睡觉；the slumbering scientist 沉睡的科学家
- 同义：sleep（普通）；doze（打盹，课文近义）
shake /ʃeɪk/ (shook/shaken) v. 摇动；震动；颤抖 n. 摇动；震动
- 课文搭配：it shook the rigid table 它震动了坚硬的桌子；shake the floor 震动地板
- 搭配：shake hands 握手；shake from side to side 左右摆动
tend /tend/ 倾向于；往往会；照料
- 课文搭配：tend to remain stationary 倾向于保持静止；tend to fall 倾向于倾倒
- 固定搭配：tend to do sth 倾向于做某事（高频考点）
attach /əˈtætʃ/ 系上；贴上；使依附；认为…… 重要
- 课文搭配：attach the pen to a pendulum 把笔系在摆锤上
- 固定搭配：attach sth to sth 把某物系在 / 贴在某物上；be attached to 依恋；附属于
trace /treɪs/v. 描绘；追踪；发现 n. 痕迹；踪迹
- 课文拓展：trace out a curve 画出一条曲线（课文同义：draw）；trace the movement 追踪运动轨迹
situate /ˈsɪtʃueɪt/v. 使位于；使处于（常用被动）
- 课文搭配：the instrument is situated at... 仪器被放置在……
- 形容词拓展：situated adj. 位于…… 的；in a difficult situation 处于困境中
wrap /ræp/ (wrapped/wrapped) v. 包裹；缠绕
- 课文搭配：the paper was wrapped round a drum 纸被卷在圆筒上
- 搭配：wrap sth round sth 把某物缠绕在某物上；wrap up 包好；穿暖
形容词（adj.）
rigid /ˈrɪdʒɪd/ 坚硬的；僵硬的；严格的
- 课文搭配：the rigid table 坚硬的桌子
- 拓展：a rigid rule 严格的规定；rigid metal 坚硬的金属
unstable /ʌnˈsteɪbl/ 不稳定的；易动摇的
- 课文搭配：the more unstable rods 更不稳定的木棒
- 反义：stable 稳定的；stationary 静止的（本课近义）
delicate /ˈdelɪkət/ 精密的；精致的；脆弱的；微妙的
- 课文搭配：far more delicate instruments 精密得多的仪器
- 多义拓展：a delicate vase 易碎的花瓶；a delicate problem 微妙的问题
stationary /ˈsteɪʃənri/ 静止的；固定的
- 课文搭配：remain stationary 保持静止
- 反义：moving 移动的；stationery n. 文具（形近词辨析，高频易混）
legible /ˈledʒəbl/ 清晰的；易读的
- 反义：illegible 难以辨认的；搭配：legible handwriting 清晰的笔迹
horizontal /ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntl/ 水平的；横向的
- 课文搭配：the horizontal component 水平部分
- 反义：vertical 垂直的；longitudinal 纵向的（本课对应）
complicated /ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/ 复杂的；难懂的
- 课文搭配：much more complicated 复杂得多
- 同义：complex（正式）；反义：simple 简单的
longitudinal /ˌlɒndʒɪˈtjuːdɪnl/ 纵向的；经度的（专业）
- 课文搭配：longitudinal vibrations 纵向波
- 对应：transverse /trænsˈvɜːs/adj. 横向的（本课配对词汇）
二、高频短语 & 固定搭配
基础常用搭配
- without warning
- 原句：An earthquake comes like a thief in the night, without warning.
- consist of
- 原句：One...consisted of rods of various lengths and thicknesses.
- 拓展：be made up of 由…… 组成（可被动，同义替换）
- on end
- 原句：which would stand up on end like ninepins.
- 拓展：for three days on end 连续三天
- too...to...
- 原句：a shock that was too weak to waken him.
- far more
- 原句：instruments far more delicate than that.
- 拓展：far more important 重要得多
- aim at
- 原句：The ideal to be aimed at was to devise an instrument.
- 搭配：aim at doing sth 旨在做某事
- in time
- 原句：I could in time learn to write...
- 辨析：in time 最终 / 及时；on time 准时
- hold still
- 原句：by holding the pen still while the paper moved.
- lie in
- 原句：The key to a solution of that problem lay in an everyday observation.
- 拓展：The secret of success lies in hard work. 成功的秘诀在于努力。
- to and fro
- 原句：move the hand to and fro and around...
- not at all
- 原句：the weight moves but slightly or not at all.
- in the midst of
- 原句：In the midst of all this movement...
- from side to side
- 原句：the paper moved from side to side under the pen point.
- as long as
- 原句：As long as all was still, the pen drew a straight line.
- one after the other
- 原句：three waves arriving one after the other at short intervals.
- at short intervals
- 原句同上，拓展：at regular intervals 定期地
专业 / 进阶搭配（贴合课文科普语境）
- seismic wave/earthquake wave
- longitudinal/transverse vibrations
- the interior of the earth
- surface rocks
- graphic record
- pendulum weight
三、词根词缀拓展（高效记词）
- -ment 名词后缀：movement 运动；development 发展；agreement 同意
- in-/un- 否定前缀：inertia 惯性（in-+ert 动→无运动→惯性）；unstable 不稳定的（un-+stable 稳定的）
- trans- 跨越 / 横向：transverse 横向的；transport 运输；translate 翻译
- longi- 长 / 纵向：longitudinal 纵向的；longitude 经度
句型结构
If + 主语 + were/did, 主语 + would/could/might do
用法解析
表示对当前客观事实的假设，从句谓语用were（所有人称）/ 动词过去式，主句用情态动词过去式 + 动词原形，本课用于假设地震震动的不同强度。
课文原句
- If it were gentle, only the more unstable rods fell.
- If it were severe, they all fell.
- If we could actually see the path described by a particle, it would be more like that of a bluebottle buzzing round the room.
拓展仿写
If the equipment were more precise, we could get more accurate data.（如果设备更精密，我们就能得到更准确的数据。）
二、强调句（It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who...）
句型结构
It is/was + 状语 / 主语 / 宾语 + that + 句子剩余部分
用法解析
突出句子任意成分（状语 / 主语 / 宾语，不能强调谓语），去掉 It is/was...that 后句子仍完整，本课 2 次出现，均强调地点状语，是应试写作加分重点。
课文原句
- It was upon this principle that the first instruments were made.（被强调部分：upon this principle；原句还原：The first instruments were made upon this principle.）
- It was from the study of these that so much was learnt about the interior of the earth.（被强调部分：from the study of these；原句还原：So much was learnt about the interior of the earth from the study of these.）
拓展仿写
It is through constant practice that we master a foreign language.（正是通过不断练习，我们才能掌握一门外语。）
三、分词短语作后置定语（过去分词 / 现在分词）
句型结构 1（过去分词，表被动 / 完成）：名词 + done + 其他
句型结构 2（现在分词，表主动 / 进行）：名词 + doing + 其他
用法解析
替代简单的定语从句，让句子更简洁紧凑，是书面语核心高级用法，本课高频出现，可替换which is/was done/doing。
课文原句
- a pen attached to the weight（= which is attached to the weight）
- the apparatus thus described（= which is thus described）
- a bluebottle buzzing round the room（= which is buzzing round the room）
- three waves arriving one after the other（= which arrive one after the other）
拓展仿写
The report written by the expert has been widely accepted.（这位专家写的报告已被广泛认可。）
四、独立主格结构（表伴随 / 条件 / 原因）
句型结构
名词 / 代词 + 分词 / 形容词 / 介词短语 + 其他
用法解析
独立主格有自己的逻辑主语，与主句主语不一致，替代原因 / 伴随状语从句，让句子更简洁，本课用于描述 “手持绳子” 的伴随状态。
课文原句
With the hand held high in the air, hold the string so that the weight nearly touches the ground.（逻辑主语：the hand；与主句主语（you，祈使句隐含）不一致；表伴随，可还原为：When the hand is held high in the air...）
拓展仿写
The meeting being over, we all left the conference room.（会议结束后，我们都离开了会议室。）
五、定语从句嵌套 / 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句
句型结构 1（嵌套）：名词 + 定语从句 1 + 定语从句 2
句型结构 2（介词 + 关系代词）：名词 + 介词 + which/whom + 定语从句
用法解析
介词 + 关系代词替代 “关系代词 + 介词”，让定语更贴近修饰词，是书面语高级用法；从句嵌套用于层层修饰名词，提升句子复杂度。
课文原句
- the direction in which they fell（= which they fell in；介词 in 提前，修饰 direction）
- the rigid table upon which these stood（= which these stood upon；介词 upon 提前，修饰 table）
- the strength of a shock that was too weak to waken him（定语从句修饰 shock，嵌套在宾语中）
拓展仿写
This is the room in which Einstein once worked.（这是爱因斯坦曾经工作过的房间。）
六、不定式作真正主语（形式主语 It）
句型结构
It + be + 形容词 / 名词 + to do sth
用法解析
避免因不定式短语过长导致句子头重脚轻，It 为形式主语，真正主语是后面的不定式短语，本课用于表达 “做某事的必要性 / 可能性”。
课文原句
- It was necessary, therefore, to invent instruments that neither slumbered nor slept.
- how is it possible to write legibly?
拓展仿写
It is important to master the basic principles of physics.（掌握物理的基本原理很重要。）
七、分词短语作状语（表条件 / 伴随 / 结果）
句型结构
Done/Doing + 其他，主句
用法解析
分词逻辑主语与主句主语一致，表条件 / 伴随 / 原因 / 结果，替代对应的状语从句，是写作中简化句子的核心用法。
课文原句
Applied to a pen, it means that the pen will not move if the table moves.（过去分词 applied 表条件，逻辑主语 it（指代 Newton’s first law）与 apply 为被动关系；可还原为：If it is applied to a pen...）
拓展仿写
Seeing the danger, he immediately ran back to call for help.（看到危险，他立刻跑回去求救。）
八、结果状语从句（so that/such that）
句型结构 1：主语 + do + so that + 主语 + can/may do（表目的 / 结果）
句型结构 2：such + 名词 + that.../so + 形容词 / 副词 + that...（表结果）
用法解析
so that 引导从句表目的 / 自然结果，本课用于描述 “设计仪器 / 操作动作的目的”，是复合句高频用法。
课文原句
- hold the string so that the weight nearly touches the ground.（表目的）
- in such a way that its point rests upon a piece of paper on the floor.（表结果）
拓展仿写
We study hard so that we can achieve our dreams.（我们努力学习，以便实现自己的梦想。）
九、并列复合句（连词连接多个从句 / 分句）
句型结构
主句 1 + 连词（but/and/while）+ 主句 2 / 从句
用法解析
用 but/and/while 连接两个或多个分句 / 从句，表达转折 / 并列 / 对比关系，本课用于对比 “笔与纸的运动状态”“不同地震波的特点”。
课文原句
- While I write my pen moves, but the paper keeps still.（while 表时间，but 表转折）
- The second marks the arrival of transverse vibrations which travel more slowly and arrive several minutes after the first.（which 引导定语从句，从句内 and 表并列谓语）
- The third, or main wave is the slowest and has travelled round the earth through the surface rocks.（and 表并列谓语，表递进）
拓展仿写
He is very busy at work, but he still spares time to exercise every day.（他工作很忙，但仍每天抽出时间锻炼。）
十、比较级的强化表达（far/much + 比较级）
句型结构
far/much + 形容词 / 副词比较级 + than
用法解析
用far/much强化比较级的程度，表 “远比…… 更”，替代简单的 more，是书面语中提升表达丰富度的常用技巧。
课文原句
instruments far more delicate than that
拓展仿写
This method is much more efficient than the previous one.（这种方法比之前的高效得多。）
