Lesson 6 The sporting spirit
课文：
1.I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.
l句子类型：复合句（时间状语从句 + 宾语从句 + 虚拟条件句）
l核心结构：主句 (I am always amazed)+ 时间状语从句 (when I hear people saying...)+ 两个并列宾语从句 (that...and that...)
l语法要点：
① when 引导时间状语从句，hear sb doing sth 表示 “听见某人正在做某事”；
② saying 后接两个 that 引导的并列宾语从句，第二个 that 不可省略；
③ if only 引导虚拟语气，表示“要是…… 就好了”，与现在事实相反；
④ inclination 后接不定式 to do 作后置定语。
l释义：当我听人们说体育运动可以创造国家之间的友谊，还说各国民众若在足球场或板球场上交锋，就不愿在战场上残杀的时候，我总是惊愕不已。
2.Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
l句子类型：复合句（让步状语从句 + 宾语从句 + 主句）
l核心结构：让步状语从句 (Even if one didn't know...that...)+ 主句 (one could deduce it...)
l语法要点：
① Even if 引导让步状语从句，表示“即使”；
② that 引导宾语从句，作 know 的宾语，因从句较长后置；
③ lead to 为固定搭配，后接名词，表 “导致”；
④ deduce sth from... 表示 “从…… 推断出……”。
l释义：一个人即使不能从具体的事例（例如 1936 年的奥林匹克运动会）了解到国际运动比赛会导致疯狂的仇恨，也可以从常理中推断出结论。
3.Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive.
l句子类型：简单句（主系表结构）
l核心结构：主语 (Nearly all the sports)+ 系动词 (are)+ 表语 (competitive)
l语法要点：
① practised nowadays 为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 sports，表被动；
② nearly 为副词，修饰 all，表 “几乎”。
l释义：现在开展的体育运动几乎都是竞争性的。
4.You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
l句子类型：并列复合句（and 连接 + 条件状语从句）
l核心结构：分句 1 (You play to win)+ 分句 2 (the game has little meaning unless...)
l语法要点：
① and 连接两个并列分句，表顺承；
② unless 引导条件状语从句，相当于 if...not；
③ do one's utmost to do sth 为固定搭配，表 “竭尽全力做某事”。
l释义：参加比赛就是为了取胜。如果不拼命去赢，比赛就没有什么意义了。
5.On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise.
l句子类型：复合句（非限制性定语从句 + 形式主语句型）
l核心结构：地点状语 (On the village green)+ 定语从句 (where...)+ 主句 (it is possible to play...)
l语法要点：
① where 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 village green；
②主句为It is + 形容词 + to do句型，it 为形式主语，真正主语是 to play；
③ pick up sides 表示 “随机组队”，be involved 表 “涉及”。
l释义：在乡间的草坪上，当你随意组成两个队，并且不涉及任何地方情绪时，那才有可能是单纯为了娱乐和锻炼而进行比赛。
6.But as soon as the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.
l句子类型：复合句（两个时间状语从句 + 宾语从句 + 条件状语从句 + 被动主句）
l核心结构：时间状语从句 1 (as soon as...)+ 时间状语从句 2 (as soon as you feel that...)+ 主句 (the most savage combative instincts are aroused)
l语法要点：
①两个 as soon as 引导并列时间状语从句，表“一…… 就……”；
② that 引导宾语从句，作 feel 的宾语，从句内含 if 引导的条件状语从句；
③主句为被动语态，arouse 表示 “激发”。
l释义：可是一旦涉及到荣誉问题，一旦你想到你和某一团体会因你输了而丢脸时，那么最野蛮的争斗天性便会被激发起来。
7.Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this.
l句子类型：复合句（定语从句 + 主句）
l核心结构：主语 (Anyone)+ 定语从句 (who...)+ 谓语 (knows)+ 宾语 (this)
l语法要点：
① who 引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 anyone，who 在从句中作主语；
② even 为副词，表 “甚至”，加强语气。
l释义：即使是仅仅参加过学校足球赛的人也有种体会。
8.At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare.
l句子类型：简单句（主系表结构）
l核心结构：地点状语 (At the international level)+ 主语 (sport)+ 系动词 (is)+ 表语 (mimic warfare)
l语法要点：
① frankly 为副词作状语，修饰整句，表 “坦率地说”；
② mimic 为形容词，修饰 warfare，表 “模拟的”。
l释义：在国际比赛中，体育简直是一场模拟战争。
9.But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe --at any rate for short periods-- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
l句子类型：复合句（not...but... 结构 + 定语从句 + 宾语从句）
l核心结构：主句 (the significant thing is not...but...)+ 定语从句 (who...)+ 宾语从句 (that...)
l语法要点：
① not...but... 连接并列表语，表“不是…… 而是……”；
② who 引导定语从句，修饰 nations，work oneself into furies 表 “暴怒”；
③ believe 后接 that 引导宾语从句，从句含三个并列动名词作主语；
④ at any rate 为插入语，表 “至少”。
l释义：但是，要紧的还不是运动员的行为，而是观众的态度，以及观众身后各个国家的态度。面对着这些荒唐的比赛，参赛的各个国家会如痴如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信—— 至少在短期内如此 —— 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是对一个民族品德素质的检验。
词汇：
一、核心词汇
1.goodwill /ˌɡʊdˈwɪl/n. 友好；善意
搭配：create goodwill 创造友好
2.cricket /ˈkrɪkɪt/n. 板球（运动）
3.inclination /ˌɪŋklɪˈneɪʃn/n. 倾向；意愿
搭配：have no inclination to do 无意做某事
4.concrete /ˈkɒŋkriːt/adj. 具体的
搭配：concrete examples 具体事例
5.contest /ˈkɒntest/n. 比赛；竞赛
搭配：international sporting contests 国际体育比赛
6.hatred /ˈheɪtrɪd/n. 仇恨；憎恨
搭配：orgies of hatred 疯狂的仇恨
7.deduce /dɪˈdjuːs/v. 推断；推论
搭配：deduce…from… 从…… 推断出……
8.principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/n. 原则；原理
搭配：general principles 一般原则；常理
9.competitive /kəmˈpetətɪv/adj. 竞争性的
10.prestige /preˈstiːʒ/n. 声望；荣誉
11.disgrace /dɪsˈɡreɪs/v. 使丢脸；使蒙羞
12.savage /ˈsævɪdʒ/adj. 野蛮的；残暴的
13.combative /ˈkɒmbətɪv/adj. 好斗的
14.instinct /ˈɪnstɪŋkt/n. 天性；本能
15.frankly /ˈfræŋkli/adv. 坦率地；坦白说
16.mimic /ˈmɪmɪk/adj. 模拟的
搭配：mimic warfare 模拟战争
17.spectator /spekˈteɪtə/n. 观众；旁观者
18.fury /ˈfjʊəri/n. 狂怒；暴怒
搭配：work oneself into furies 勃然大怒
19.absurd /əbˈsɜːd/adj. 荒唐的；荒谬的
20.virtue /ˈvɜːtʃuː/n. 品德；美德
搭配：national virtue 民族品德
二、高级固定搭配
1.create goodwill between nations
释义：创造国家间的友好 / 善意
用法：用于国际关系、文化交流话题
2.have no inclination to do sth
释义：无意做某事；不想做某事
同义：have no desire to do
3.lead to orgies of hatred
释义：导致疯狂的仇恨 / 极端敌对
用法：描述冲突、对立升级
4.deduce…from general principles
释义：从常理 / 一般原则中推断出……
写作高频：用于议论文推理
5.do one’s utmost to do sth
释义：竭尽全力做某事
同义：try one’s best /spare no effort to do
6.pick up sides
释义：随机组队；临时分队
7.local patriotism
释义：地方情绪；乡土荣誉感
8.work oneself into furies
释义：变得暴怒；情绪失控
用法：描述群体狂热、极端情绪
9.at any rate
释义：至少；无论如何
写作插入语，提升流畅度
10.mimic warfare
释义：模拟战争
用于批判竞技体育过度对抗
三、拓展高频搭配
1.international sporting events国际体育赛事
2.competitive sports竞技体育
3.sportsmanship体育精神（本文主题核心）
4.national pride民族自豪感
5.combative instincts争斗天性
6.behaviour of players运动员行为
7.attitude of spectators观众态度
8.tests of national virtue民族品德的检验
9.on the battlefield在战场上
10.common peoples of the world世界各国民众
句型：
句式 1（观点批判 + 虚拟语气）
原句
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.
仿写示例
I am always amazed when I hear people saying that technology solves all social problems, and that if only everyone could use digital tools wisely, they would have no inclination to rely on traditional ways of communication.
翻译
每当我听到人们说科技能解决所有社会问题，说只要每个人都能明智使用数字工具，就不会再依赖传统交流方式时，我总是感到惊讶。
替换关键词
·that 后观点：technology solves all social problems→ 替换任意观点
·if only 后行为：use digital tools wisely→ 替换任意行为
·have no inclination to 后：rely on traditional ways→ 替换反面做法
句式 2（让步推理 + 议论文万能）
原句
Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.
仿写示例
Even if one didn't know from concrete examples that online popularity brings pressure, one could deduce it from general principles of human psychology.
翻译
即便没有具体事例表明网络走红会带来压力，人们也能从人类心理学的普遍原理中推断出这一点。
替换关键词
·that 后现象：online popularity brings pressure→ 替换任意社会 / 生活现象
·from 后：general principles of human psychology→ 替换常识 / 理论依据
句式 3（条件强调 + 努力 / 竞争主题）
原句
You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
仿写示例
You study to progress, and learning has little meaning unless you do your utmost to master knowledge.
翻译
你学习是为了进步，而除非你竭尽全力掌握知识，否则学习就没有什么意义。
替换关键词
·play to win → study to progress / work to improve / compete to excel
·do your utmost to win → do your utmost to master knowledge / try your best to achieve goals
句式 4（not…but… 对比 + 核心观点）
原句
But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators.
仿写示例
But the significant thing is not the score you get but the effort you make in the process.
翻译
但重要的不是你得到的分数，而是你在过程中付出的努力。
替换关键词
·not 后：the behaviour of the players / the score you get→ 表面结果
·but 后：the attitude of the spectators / the effort you make→ 内在本质
句式 5（定语从句 + 泛指人群论证）
原句
Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this.
仿写示例
Anyone who has experienced failure in exams knows that perseverance is more important than talent.
翻译
任何经历过考试失利的人都知道，毅力比天赋更重要。
替换关键词
·who 后经历：has played even in a school football match→ 替换任意经历
·knows 后观点：perseverance is more important than talent→ 替换任意道理
