Lesson 8 Trading standards
课文：
1.Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.
·句子类型：复合句（插入语 + 主系表）
·核心结构：主语 (Chickens) + 后置定语 + 插入语 (claim officials in Brussels) + 系动词 (are) + 表语 (not fit to grace...)
·语法要点：① slaughtered in the United States 为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 chickens；② claim officials in Brussels 为倒装形式的插入语，正常语序为 officials in Brussels claim；③ be fit to do sth 适合做某事；gace 此处为动词，表 “装点、使增光”。
·释义：布鲁塞尔的官员声称，在美国屠宰的鸡并不适合摆上欧洲人的餐桌。
2.No, say the Americans: our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way.
·句子类型：并列复合句（倒装引语 + 两个并列简单句）
·核心结构：引语倒装 (No, say the Americans) + 分句 1 (our fowl are fine) + 分句 2 (we clean them...)
·语法要点：① say the Americans 为全部倒装，表 “美国人说”；② fowl 为集合名词，此处表 “家禽”，谓语可用复数；③ in a different way 以不同的方式，作方式状语。
·释义：美国人反驳道：并非如此，我们的家禽品质很好，只是清洗方式不同而已。
3.These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
·句子类型：强调句（it is...that...）
·核心结构：强调句型 (it is + 被强调部分 + that + 其余部分)
·语法要点：①强调主语 differences in national regulations；② far more than tariffs 为插入比较结构，表 “远甚于关税”；③ put sand in the wheels of 固定习语，表 “阻碍、妨碍”；④强调句去掉 it is...that... 后句子仍完整。
·释义：如今，正是各国监管条例的差异，而非关税，阻碍了富裕国家之间的贸易往来。
4.It is not just farmers who are complaining.
·句子类型：强调句（it is...who...）
·核心结构：强调句型 (it is + 被强调部分 + who + 其余部分)
·语法要点：①强调主语 farmers；②先行词为人，关系词用 who；③现在进行时表当前持续的状态。
·释义：抱怨的不仅仅是农民。
5.An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States.
·句子类型：复合句（定语从句 + 时间状语从句 + 被动语态主句）
·核心结构：主语 (An electric razor) + 定语从句 + 谓语 (must be approved) + 状语 (before...)
·语法要点：① that 引导定语从句修饰 razor，在从句中作主语；②主句为情态动词被动语态 must be approved；③ before 引导时间状语从句，从句也用被动语态 can be sold。
·释义：符合欧盟安全标准的电动剃须刀，必须先通过美国检测机构的认证，才能在美国销售。
6.and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before it hits the market in Europe.
·句子类型：复合句（时间状语从句 + 简单句）
·核心结构：主语 (dialysis machine) + 谓语 (needs) + 宾语 (the EU's okay) + 状语 (before...)
·语法要点：① American-made 复合形容词作定语，表 “美国制造的”；② okay 此处为名词，表 “许可、批准”；③ hit the market 固定搭配，表 “上市、投放市场”。
·释义：而美国制造的透析设备，在进入欧洲市场前也需要获得欧盟的批准。
7.As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans.
·句子类型：复合句（定语从句 + 简单句）
·核心结构：插入语 (As it happens) + 主语 (a razor) + 定语从句 + 谓语 (is unlikely to electrocute)
·语法要点：① As it happens 固定短语，表 “碰巧、说来也巧”；② that 引导定语从句修饰 razor；③ be unlikely to do sth 不可能做某事。
·释义：碰巧的是，在欧洲使用安全的剃须刀，不可能让美国人触电。
8.So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do?
·句子类型：倒装引语 + 特殊疑问句（地点状语从句）
·核心结构：引语倒装 (ask businesses...) + 疑问词 (why) + 疑问句 + 状语从句 (where...)
·语法要点：① ask businesses... 为倒装引语；② on both sides of the Atlantic 介词短语作后置定语；③ where 引导地点状语从句，表 “在一套测试就够用的情况下”；④ two lots of 两批、两套。
·释义：因此，大西洋两岸的企业都在质疑：一套测试就能解决问题，为何要做两套呢？
9.Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products.
·句子类型：并列复合句（结果状语 + 定语从句）
·核心结构：分句 1 (Politicians agree) + 结果状语 (so...) + 分句 2 (have been trying to reach a deal) + 定语从句
·语法要点：① in principle 固定短语，表 “原则上”；②现在完成进行时 have been trying 表 “一直努力”；③ which 引导定语从句修饰 deal；④ eliminate the need to do sth 消除做某事的需求。
·释义：政界人士原则上对此表示认同，因此美国和欧盟一直在试图达成协议，以取消众多产品的双重检测要求。
10.They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28th.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 (They) + 谓语 (hope to finish) + 状语 (in time for...)
·语法要点：① hope to do sth 希望做某事；② in time for 及时赶上、为…… 做准备；③ between...and... 作后置定语修饰 summit。
·释义：他们希望及时达成协议，为 5 月 28 日美欧贸易峰会做准备。
11.Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.
·句子类型：复合句（让步状语从句 + 结果状语从句）
·核心结构：让步状语从句 (Although...) + 主句 (the details are complex) + 结果状语 (enough that...)
·语法要点：① Although 引导让步状语从句；② enough that... 引导结果状语；③ be hard-pressed to do sth 处境艰难、难以做某事；④ at all 用于否定句，表 “根本、丝毫”。
·释义：尽管谈判代表持乐观态度，但细节过于复杂，他们可能根本难以达成协议。
12.Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements.
·句子类型：简单句（主系表结构）
·核心结构：主语 (One difficulty) + 系动词 (is) + 表语 (to construct the agreements)
·语法要点：①不定式作表语，表具体要解决的困难；② construct 此处表 “起草、制定”。
·释义：原因何在？难点之一在于协议的制定。
13.The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and then hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing.
·句子类型：简单句（并列谓语 + 插入语 + 现在分词作定语）
·核心结构：主语 (The Americans) + 谓语 1 (would reach) + 谓语 2 (hammer out) + 定语 (covering...)
·语法要点：① reach one accord on 就…… 达成一致；② hammer out 反复推敲、制定出；③ covering 现在分词作后置定语修饰 pacts；④ say 为插入语，表 “比如、例如”。
·释义：美国愿意先就医疗器械标准达成一项协议，再分别敲定涵盖电子产品、药品生产等不同领域的协定。
14.The EU--following fine continental traditions--wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.
·句子类型：复合句（非限制性定语从句 + 插入语）
·核心结构：主语 (The EU) + 插入语 + 谓语 (wants) + 宾语 (agreement) + 非限制性定语从句
·语法要点：① following fine continental traditions 现在分词作插入语；② which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代 general principles；③ be applied to 应用于；be extended to 扩展至。
·释义：欧盟秉承欧洲大陆的优良传统，希望就通用原则达成协议，这些原则可适用于多种产品，甚至可能推广至其他国家。
词汇：
一、核心词汇
1.slaughter /ˈslɔːtə(r)/v./n. 屠宰；宰杀
o课文搭配：chickens slaughtered in the United States 在美国屠宰的鸡
o拓展：slaughterhouse 屠宰场
2.grace /ɡreɪs/v. 为…… 增光；使增色；n. 优雅
o课文搭配：grace European tables 装点欧洲餐桌
o拓展：with grace 优雅地
3.fowl /faʊl/n. 家禽；禽肉
o课文搭配：our fowl are fine 我们的家禽很好
o拓展：water fowl 水禽
4.regulation /ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn/n. 法规；规章；管理
o课文搭配：national regulations 国家法规
o拓展：regulate v. 管理；约束
5.tariff /ˈtærɪf/n. 关税
o课文搭配：far more than tariffs 远甚于关税
o拓展：import tariff 进口关税
6.razor /ˈreɪzə(r)/n. 剃须刀
o课文搭配：an electric razor 电动剃须刀
7.standard /ˈstændəd/n. 标准；规格
o课文搭配：safety standards 安全标准
o拓展：international standard 国际标准
8.approve /əˈpruːv/v. 批准；认可；同意
o课文搭配：be approved by American testers 被美国检测人员认可
o拓展：approval n. 批准；认可
9.dialysis /daɪˈæləsɪs/n. 透析
o课文搭配：dialysis machine 透析仪
10.electrocute /ɪˈlektrəkjuːt/v. 使触电身亡；电刑
o课文搭配：be unlikely to electrocute Americans 不可能使美国人触电
11.eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/v. 消除；排除；淘汰
o课文搭配：eliminate the need 消除需求
o拓展：elimination n. 消除
12.double-test /ˌdʌbl test/v. 双重检测
o课文搭配：double-test many products 对许多产品进行双重检测
13.summit /ˈsʌmɪt/n. 峰会；首脑会议；顶点
o课文搭配：a trade summit 贸易峰会
o拓展：summit meeting 首脑会议
14.negotiator /nɪˈɡəʊʃieɪtə(r)/n. 谈判代表
o课文搭配：negotiators are optimistic 谈判代表持乐观态度
o拓展：negotiate v. 谈判；协商
15.optimistic /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/adj. 乐观的
o课文搭配：be optimistic 持乐观态度
o拓展：pessimistic adj. 悲观的
16.complex /ˈkɒmpleks/adj. 复杂的；n. 综合体
o课文搭配：the details are complex 细节很复杂
o拓展：complexity n. 复杂性
17.construct /kənˈstrʌkt/v. 起草；构建；建造
o课文搭配：construct the agreements 起草协议
o拓展：construction n. 构建；建设
18.accord /əˈkɔːd/n. 协议；一致；v. 给予
o课文搭配：reach one accord 达成一项协议
o拓展：in accord with 与…… 一致
19.device /dɪˈvaɪs/n. 装置；设备；器械
o课文搭配：medical devices 医疗器械
20.pact /pækt/n. 条约；协定；公约
o课文搭配：hammer out different pacts 敲定不同协定
o拓展：peace pact 和平条约
21.manufacturing /ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərɪŋ/n./adj. 生产（的）；制造（的）
o课文搭配：drug manufacturing 药品生产
o拓展：manufacture v. 生产；制造
22.principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/n. 原则；原理
o课文搭配：general principles 普遍原则
o拓展：in principle 原则上
23.apply /əˈplaɪ/v. 应用；适用；申请
o课文搭配：be applied to many types of products 适用于多种产品
o拓展：application n. 应用；申请
24.extend /ɪkˈstend/v. 扩展；延伸；延长
o课文搭配：be extended to other countries 扩展至其他国家
o拓展：extension n. 扩展；延伸
二、高级固定搭配
1.put sand in the wheels of
o释义：阻碍；妨碍；阻挠
o用法：后接名词 / 名词短语，表 “阻碍某事 / 某物”
o课文句：...put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
2.in principle
o释义：原则上；大体上
o用法：作状语，可放句中 / 句末
o课文句：Politicians agree, in principle...
3.reach a deal
o释义：达成协议；达成交易
o用法：主语为人 / 组织，后可接 on sth
o课文句：...trying to reach a deal...
4.be hard-pressed to do sth
o释义：难以做某事；处境艰难做某事
o用法：后接动词原形
o课文句：...they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.
5.reach an accord on
o释义：就…… 达成一致 / 协议
o用法：后接事物名词
o课文句：...reach one accord on standards for medical devices...
6.hammer out
o释义：反复推敲后制定出；敲定
o用法：后接协议、条约、方案等名词
o课文句：...hammer out different pacts...
7.be applied to
o释义：应用于；适用于
o用法：被动结构，后接对象
o课文句：...which could be applied to many types of products...
8.be extended to
o释义：扩展至；延伸到
o用法：被动结构，后接范围 / 对象
o课文句：...perhaps extended to other countries.
9.hit the market
o释义：上市；投放市场
o用法：主语为产品
o课文句：...before it hits the market in Europe.
10.eliminate the need to do sth
o释义：消除做某事的需求 / 必要
o用法：后接不定式
o课文句：...eliminate the need to double-test many products.
三、拓展高频搭配（考试 / 写作常用 + 同义替换）
1.trade between rich countries富裕国家之间的贸易
2.safety standards安全标准
3.European Union欧盟
4.medical devices医疗器械
5.electronic goods电子产品
6.drug manufacturing药品生产
7.general principles普遍原则
8.many types of products多种产品
9.trade summit贸易峰会
10.on May 28th在 5 月 28 日
11.on both sides of the Atlantic大西洋两岸
12.American-made美国制造的
13.continental traditions欧洲大陆传统
14.clean...in a different way以不同方式清洗……
句型：
1. 强调句型：正是…… 阻碍了……
原句：It is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
套用句型：It is A, far more than B, that 阻碍 / 影响 C.
作文示例：It is lack of practice, far more than time, that puts sand in the wheels of improving oral English.
翻译：正是缺乏练习，而非时间，阻碍了英语口语水平的提升。
2. 让步 + 结果：尽管…… 但…… 过于复杂以至于……
原句：Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.
套用句型：Although A, B is adj enough that C.
作文示例：Although online learning is convenient, its disadvantages are obvious enough that it cannot replace traditional education completely.
翻译：尽管线上学习很方便，但它的缺点非常明显，以至于无法完全取代传统教育。
3. 必要性：…… 必须先…… 才能……
原句：An electric razor that meets EU standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States.
套用句型：A that 满足条件 must be done before it can do B.
作文示例：A plan that aims to succeed must be carefully made before it can be effectively carried out.
翻译：一个旨在成功的计划必须认真制定，才能被有效执行。
4. 观点质疑：既然…… 为何还要……？
原句：Why have two lots of tests where one would do?
套用句型：Why do A where B would do?
作文示例：Why spend so much money on gifts where a simple greeting would do?
翻译：既然一句简单的问候就足够，为何还要花这么多钱买礼物？
5. 方式对比：通过…… 而不是……
原句：Drinks can be cooled by placing them on ice rather than adding ice to them.
套用句型：A can be done by doing X rather than doing Y.
作文示例：Problems can be solved by communicating openly rather than keeping silent.
翻译：问题可以通过坦诚沟通来解决，而不是保持沉默。
