学习笔记104
英语口语
Like clockwork像时钟一样准时
I’m putting on weight 我长胖了
Water under the bridge都过去了
Cover your ass 保护好自己
The smart money内行
Have money to burn腰缠万贯/挥金如土
埃及法律法规
1.埃及招标领域的主要法律规定有哪些？
What are the main legal provisions governing tenders and bidding in Egypt?
埃及与招标相关的法律规定主要包括：
1. 《公共采购与招标法》（2018年第182号）
该法是埃及现行规范政府采购与招标活动的核心法律，适用于各部委、公共机构、省级及市政单位，以及各类国有附属机构。
2. 《国有企业法》（1991年第203号）
该法主要对国有企业的招标及采购行为进行规制，要求国企在大额采购与合同订立中遵循竞争性原则；在采购战略物资、与关联企业合作等特定情形下，可直接签订合同。
3. 《中央审计局法》（1988年第144号）
该法旨在监督政府采购活动的合规性，要求采购流程公开透明，并赋予中央审计局对合同合法性进行审查与核查的权限。
4. 《政府采购统一条例》
该条例由埃及财政部颁布，针对财政预算项下的采购及竞争性程序制定具体实施细则，明确了小额采购流程以及直接谈判采购的适用条件与操作程序。
5. 《支持小型企业采购法》（2004年第141号）
该法鼓励政府采购优先采购小微企业产品，要求政府部门为小微企业预留一定比例的采购额度，并允许对其适用简化招标程序。
6. 《反垄断与防止垄断行为法》（2005年第3号）
该法以维护公开、公平的采购竞争环境为目标，明令禁止投标人之间串通投标，要求招标过程中对所有投标人一视同仁、不得歧视。
7. 特定机构专属法律与程序
军方、国家安全部门、苏伊士运河管理局等特定经济管理机构，适用其专属采购制度及独立的招标规则。
The legal provisions governing bidding in Egypt are as follows:
1. Public ProcuNaNpxent and Tenders Law (Law No. 182 of 2018)
This is the current primary law governing government procuNaNpxent and tendering in Egypt, applicable to all ministries, public bodies, governorates, municipal units, and state-affiliated entities.
2. State-Owned Enterprises Law (Law No. 203 of 1991)
This law mainly regulates the bidding and procuNaNpxent practices of state-owned companies, requiring them to maintain competition in large-value procuNaNpxents and contracts. Direct contracting is permitted under specific circumstances, such as the procuNaNpxent of strategic supplies and cooperation with affiliated companies.
3. Central Auditing Organization Law (Law No. 144 of 1988)
The main purpose of this law is to supervise the compliance of government procuNaNpxent. It requires transparency in the government procuNaNpxent process and empowers the Central Auditing Organization to examine and verify the legality of contracts.
4. Unified Regulations for Government ProcuNaNpxent
Issued by the Ministry of Finance of Egypt, these regulations establish detailed procedures for procuNaNpxent and competitive processes related to the state budget. They govern procedures for small-value procuNaNpxent and set out the conditions and processes for direct negotiation procuNaNpxent.
5. Law on Supporting ProcuNaNpxent from Small Enterprises (Law No. 141 of 2004)
This law encourages government procuNaNpxent of products from micro and small enterprises, requires government authorities to reserve a certain percentage of procuNaNpxent volume for such enterprises, and allows simplified tendering procedures to be applied to them.
6. Anti-Monopoly and Prevention of Monopolistic Practices Law (Law No. 3 of 2005)
This law aims to ensure an open and fair competitive procuNaNpxent environment, explicitly prohibiting collusive practices among bidders. It requires the government to treat all bidders equally without discrimination during the tendering process.
7. Special Laws and Procedures for Specific Entities
Specialized procuNaNpxent regimes and independent tendering rules apply to certain bodies such as the military, national security authorities, and economic authorities including the Suez Canal Authority.
2.埃及知识产权保护法（2002年第82号法）
Law No. 82 of 2002 on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
第二编商标、商号、地理标志和工业品外观设计
BOOK TWO
MARKS, TRADENAMES, GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
第一部分商标、商号和地理标志
PART I
MARKS, TRADENAMES AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
第 104 条 若某一地理来源已被用于描述特定产品的品质、声誉或其他特征，并在该产品的营销中发挥重要作用，则此类地理标志应用于标示该商品的原产地，该原产地为世界贸易组织成员国境内的一个地区或区域，或与埃及互享对等保护待遇的国家境内的地区或区域。
对此类标志的保护，须以其在原产国获得保护为前提。
Article 104
Where a geographical origin has become descriptive of the quality, reputation or other characteristics of a certain product so as to be largely instrumental in its marketing, such geographical indications shall be used to indicate the place of origin of such goods in a district or part in a country member in the World Trade Organization or a country according Egypt reciprocity.
The protection in the country of origin is required to protect such indications.
注：本文部分内容为AI辅助翻译，如有错误或不妥敬请指正！
