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2026-02-03 关于USPTO培训资料《Legal Analysis and Writing》笔记2

  • 2026-02-04 05:19:01
2026-02-03 关于USPTO培训资料《Legal Analysis and Writing》笔记2

引言

USPTO培训资料《Legal Analysis and Writing》的链接为:https://www.uspto.gov/video/cbt/rspnd-lglargmnts/index.htm

正文

This CBT is part l of a two-part examiner training course. Part l is designed to familiarize you with the federal court system and the kinds of case law that are relevant to the patentability determinations that you make every day. Part  is an interactive workshop-style session that will provide practical strategies for writing a clear response to attorney arguments that are based on case law.

本计算机辅助培训(CBT)是分为两部分的审查员培训课程的第一部分。第一部分旨在帮助你熟悉联邦法院系统,以及你日常作出的与专利性判定相关的各类判例法。第二部分为互动工作坊形式的课程,将提供实用策略,指导你如何清晰回应基于判例法的律师的答辩意见。

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解释和拓展:

1.CBT意思是Computer-Based TrainingThe CBT system realizes interactive teaching of mechanical operation skills.该计算机培训系统实现了机械操作技能的交互式教学。

2.two-part是一个形容词,代表两部分。常用于形容两部分物理结构、或两部分流程,但一般不表示混合物中的两种组分。

The two-part housing can be disassembled quickly for maintenance of the internal circuit.该双部分壳体可快速拆卸,以对内部电路进行维护。表示两部分物理结构。

The two-part preparation method effectively improves the purity of the target product by 40%.该两步式制备方法将目标产物的纯度有效提升了 40%。表示两部分方法。常与一锅法(one-pot methodone-pot processone-pot reaction)相区分。

two-component专指化学双组分的,需混合后发生化学反应才能实现性能。The two-component adhesive system avoids the volatilization of organic solvents and is more in line with green chemical production requirements.该双组分胶黏剂体系避免了有机溶剂的挥发,更符合绿色化工的生产要求。

three-part三部分的;

multi-part多部分的。The multi-part device can be adjusted according to different application scenarios, and its performance is more stable than the single-part one.该多部分装置可根据不同应用场景调节,性能比单部分装置更稳定。

3.is designed to旨在。意思是通过主动有意识的设计来达成目的。确定性几乎100%,专利中用于描述“发明功能、装置用途等”。

The composite coating is designed to improve the anti-corrosion performance of the metal substrate by more than 60%.该复合涂层被设计用于将金属基材的防腐性能提升 60% 以上。

The present invention is designed to simplify the preparation process of high-purity silicon powder and reduce production costs.本发明被设计用于简化高纯硅粉的制备工艺并降低生产成本。

is intended to表示预期的目的,但是能不能达成预期的目的还不确定,因此确定性比is designed to更低。

This new drug is intended to treat mild hypertension.这款新药拟用于治疗轻度高血压。

The intelligent detection system is intended to realize real-time monitoring of the reaction process in the chemical reactor.该智能检测系统预计能用于实现对化工反应釜内反应过程的实时监测。

is meant to是中性的用语,是客观表述,表达目的性的意愿不强烈。

The nano-modifier is meant to improve the thermal stability of the polypropylene material.该纳米改性剂用于提升聚丙烯材料的热稳定性。翻译的时候,一般不翻译为目的,即不翻译为“目的是干XX”,因为其更强调客观性,而不太强调主观目的性。

The filter core in the reaction system is meant to remove solid impurities in the raw material solution.该反应系统中的滤芯的作用是去除原料溶液中的固体杂质。

正如前文讲的那样,三个词的细微差别可以基于成文时的具体语境来用,大家可以不用过分纠结于细微差异,关键是知道有这三个词就行了。后面再区分各个词的差异时,也是同样的道理,后面遇到同样的情况就不再赘述了。

三者的主语都为物,而不能是人,因为三者都可以近似理解为被动语态,主语只能是物。主语为人时,用的就是主动语态了。

人的意图可用以下表达try toaim toaim at doingintend toattempt to等,一般在专利文献中使用较少,不再赘述区别。

4. familiarize somebody with sth他人使某人熟悉某事,这里是使动用法。

如果某人自己使某人熟悉某事,那么就可以用反身代词,familiarize oneself with sth,某人使自己熟悉某事。

The research team familiarizes itself with the existing synthesis processes of high-purity graphene before developing the new method.研发团队在开发新方法前,先熟悉现有高纯石墨烯的合成工艺。此处反身代词用itself是因为team是个集合名词,虽然包括很多人,但是很多人视为一个整体(物)存在,是第三人称单数主语,所以familiarize后面要加s,另外也不用themselves,因为team并不是复数名词。

The patent examiner must familiarize himself with the technical solution and prior art documents of the present invention.专利审查员必须熟悉本发明的技术方案和现有技术文献。此处反身代词用himself,因为examiner指代的是某个人,所以不用itself

be familiar with sthfamiliarize oneself with sth的区别:

be familiar with sth更多表示一种状态,即处于熟悉某事物的客观状态中。而familiarize oneself with sth更强调主动去使自己熟悉某事物的动作,强调自己在过程中付出了努力,最终达到的结果就是be familiar with sth。一般人并不在乎我们在过程中干了什么事情,大家往往看的都是结果,所以一般用be familiar with sth即可。

Familiar也可以转换为名词使用,例如have familiarity with sth 或 gain familiarity with sth

It is essential for technical personnel to gain familiarity with patent filing rules.

5. with后面有两个并列的宾语federal court systemcase law,一个讲法院、一个讲判例法。这两个宾语前面都加了the,表示特指。因为联邦法院系统只有一套,在美国,不可能有两套联邦法院系统,那么独一无二的事物就能够特指,要加the。而case law在美国有很多,前面要加the,是因为后面跟了个定语从句。有了定语从句的限定作用,那么case law就是跟审查员相关的case law,而不包括与审查员不相关的case law,那么这里的case law也就变成特指,要加the。因此,第二个the修饰的的case law,而不是修饰的是kinds of

6. kinds of表示多种的,各种的。表示类别数量≥2,但无具体数量限定。The present invention provides kinds of composite coatings with high anti-corrosion performance.本发明提供多种具有高防腐性能的复合涂层。

a kind of:一种,表示单一类别,专利中用于描述“某一类技术方案”。The present invention discloses a kind of two-component epoxy resin adhesive with low-temperature curability.本发明公开一种具有低温固化性的双组分环氧树脂胶黏剂。意思是胶黏剂有很多种,每种都有不同的功能,而本发明公开的该种胶黏剂是具有低温固化型的这种,而不是具有其它性能的胶黏剂。所以专利语言是一种严谨的法律语言,写上去的每个字词都是具有限定作用的,因此,笔者认为专利撰写才是专利各种事务中最难的,也是应该给予最多回报的,但是现实却是相反的。kind of前面一定要加冠词(athe等),不能只出现“kind of”,当然“kinds of”是对的,复数不需要加冠词。

all kinds of:各种各样的,表示全类别,专利描述 “该领域的所有同类事物”。This detection device is suitable for all kinds of industrial gas concentration testing.该检测装置适用于各类工业气体浓度检测。意思是主要是对工业气体浓度的检测,这个检测装置都适用。这种讲法太绝对的,别人反驳只需要列举出1个反例即可,因此,话都不能说得太满,专利文件中不建议用“all”这种表达。

different kinds of:不同种类的,强调类别差异。如果不强调类别之间有差异,直接用kinds of即可。Different kinds of nano-modifiers are added to improve the mechanical properties of the polymer.添加不同种类的纳米改性剂以提升聚合物的机械性能。这里强调的是,只要添加纳米改性剂就能提升机械性能,而不管是哪一种纳米改性剂,隐含不同种的纳米改性剂是可以互相替代使用的,那么这句话就是现有技术中技术启示的来源之一。

Kinds of也可以替换为types ofvariousa variety ofa range of等。sorts of有点口语化,一般不写入专利文本中。

Different types of reaction kettles are selected according to the synthesis process requirements.根据合成工艺的要求选用不同类型的反应釜。

Various one-pot synthesis processes are compared to screen the optimal technical scheme.对多种一锅法合成工艺进行对比,以筛选出最优技术方案。

The additive is compatible with a variety of polyurethane raw materials.该助剂可与多种聚氨酯原料相容。

The present invention provides a range of high-temperature resistant coating materials.本发明提供了一系列耐高温涂层材料。

7. case law that are relevant to the patentability determinations 第一个that引导的定语从句修饰前面的case law,因此case law指的是与专利性判定相关的判例法,而不包括与专利性判定无关的判例法,那么这里的case law 就是特指,当然前面要加thecase law做定语从句的主语,因为如果去掉that,句子就变成了case law are relevant to the patentability determinations

patentability determinations that you make every day第二个that引导的定语从句修饰前面的专利性判定,you指的是审查员,因为该材料的培训对象原本为审查员。patentability determinations做定语从句的宾语,因为如果去掉that,句子就变成了you make patentability determinationsevery day

出现多个定语从句,一般从后往前翻译,然后将译文调整为符合中文语序,故此处翻译为:你日常作出的(you make every day)与专利性判定相关(are relevant to the patentability determinations)的各类(kinds of)判例法(the case law)。

8.patentability常翻译为“专利性”,当我们说一件专利具有专利性时,就意味着该件专利已经具备了新颖性、创造性、实用性等授权要件,因此,patentability是一个比新颖性、创造性、实用性更严格的概念。

9.determinations在这里指的是专业性的判定,而不仅仅是日常生活中的判断judgmentdecision

Determinations在专利中的搭配:

make patentability determinations 作出专利性判定,隐含含义一般是审查员做出的,因为一般人用的是assesspatentabilityThe patent examiner makes patentability determinations for the technical solution based on the prior art documents.专利审查员依据现有技术文献,对该技术方案作出专利性判定。前文的例句中也是用make,因为you指代的是审查员。整个培训资料is designed to向审查员提供的培训,只不过我们也拿来学了而已。

conduct patentability determinations for sth 针对某技术方案开展专利性判定。Before filing a patent application, the patent agent shall conduct preliminary patentability determinations to assess the prospects of patent grant.专利申请前,代理人需开展初步专利性判定,评估授权前景。主语是专利代理人时,可用conductcarry out,一般不用make这种审查员专属词汇,咱们不能抢了审查员的风头,当然大家如果强行用,也没有说绝对不可以。例如,A preliminary patentability determination is made first to evaluate the patent grant prospects of the technical solution.先对该技术方案作出初步的专利性判定,以此评估其专利授权前景。assess有时也可以替换为evaluate

preliminary patentability determinations 初步专利性判定,用于专利申请前代理人的前置分析

the basis for patentability determinations 专利性判定的依据

patentability determinations on chemical inventions 针对化学发明的专利性判定

10. workshop实务工作坊,实务研讨会,侧重以实操、研讨、技能培训为核心的小型专业会议,而非单纯的理论交流。参加完该会议之后,学习者就能够直接上手实操了。

The IP agency will hold a patent workshop on the patentability determinations of chemical inventions next week.该知识产权代理机构下周将举办一场关于化学发明专利性判定的专利研讨会。

All patent agents participate in the patent filing workshop to improve the writing skills of patent specifications.全体专利代理人参与专利申请实务研习会,提升专利说明书的撰写水平。

Meeting通用的会议,小型的决策会。We hold a weekly internal meeting to discuss the progress of ongoing patent applications.我们每周召开内部会议,讨论在办专利申请的进度。

seminar纯理论型学术研讨会,多为行业内专业人士或学者等。Our institute cooperates with the university to hold a technical seminar on the patentability of one-pot synthesis processes.(我所与高校合作举办一锅法合成工艺专利性的技术专题研讨会。)

symposium高端学术型或行业型的专题研讨会,围绕某一前沿技术做高端的深度交流,参会者多为行业专家或资深学者。The symposium on high-value patent cultivation attracted many well-known IP experts in the chemical industry.高价值专利培育专题研讨会吸引了化工领域众多知名知识产权专家。

conference大型、综合性的会议,是跨主体、跨区域的大型交流会,多用于行业大会、国际会议或各种展会等。The annual national IP conference will be held in Beijing, focusing on the latest policies of patentability determinations.(全国知识产权年度大会将在北京举办,聚焦专利性判定的最新政策。)

forum开放型、互动型的论坛,无严格的参会限制,侧重于多主体的自由发言,围绕各自的主题交换观点,产生思维碰撞,并无固定的主讲人。The patent forum provides a platform for agents and enterprises to exchange views on evaluation of patent grant prospects.该专利论坛为代理人和企业搭建了交流专利授权前景评估的平台。

Roundtable圆桌会议,意思是大家都围绕着一个圆桌落座。一般方桌的话,不同地位的人按照地位的高低有序地坐于不同的方位,那么圆桌会议可以理解为在座各位地位平等(圆桌没有棱角,没有指向不同的方位),没有高低之分。参会者可以围绕核心问题展开封闭式深度讨论,达成具体共识。We invite 5 IP experts to hold a patent expert roundtable on the novelty judgment of chemical inventions.我们邀请五位知识产权专家,举办了化工发明新颖性判定的专利专家圆桌会。

panel discussion嘉宾座谈会,嘉宾团围绕主题分享观点,同时接受观众提问互动,常作为conferencesymposium 的一个环节。The panel discussion on patent protection for high-temperature resistant coatings is a key part of this chemical industry conference.耐高温涂层专利保护的专题座谈是本次化工行业大会的核心环节

session大型会议的细分场次,不能单独地表示“会议”。The patent session of this international technical conference focuses on the latest progress of patent grant in Europe and America.本次国际技术大会的专利专场,聚焦欧美专利授权的最新进展。

Summit峰会。Summit是山顶、顶峰的意思,寓意着参会的人都是行业的顶级人才,常用于顶层决策、战略合作、全球或行业趋势定调、高端资源对接等,不过最近有些滥用的趋势,无论是否重要,一律都称为峰会了。WIPO hosts an annual international IP summit to discuss the revision of global patent cooperation and protection rules.世界知识产权组织每年举办国际知识产权高层峰会,探讨全球专利合作与保护规则的修订。The 2026 global chemical patent summit attracted CEOs and IP directors of the world's top 50 chemical enterprises.2026全球化工专利高层峰会吸引了全球 50 强化工企业的首席执行官和知识产权总监参会。

11. session that will provide这个定语从句修饰sessionarguments that are based这个定语从句修饰arguments

12. provide practical strategies for writing a clear response to attorney arguments 后面的介词forto并非与provide搭配。

provide 表“提供”时,核心只有两种规范搭配,均不与 for 联用。

provide sb with sthprovidewith搭配使用。This session will provide participants with practical writing strategies.本场环节将参会者提供实用的写作策略。

provide sth to sbprovideto搭配使用。This session will provide practical writing strategies to participants.本场环节将参会者提供实用的写作策略。

provides for整体出现时,即provide紧跟着for,中间没有词隔断,有以下几个含义:

1)为...做准备;安排:例如,在法律或计划中,表示预先安排或规定。The new law provides for free education for all children under 12.新法律规定为所有12岁以下儿童提供免费教育。强调法律条款中的预先准备。

2)供养;提供生活所需:例如,提供食物、住所等基本需求。She provides for her family by working as a patent attorney.她担任专利律师,以此供养家人。

3)规定;条款:在合同或法律文件中,表示具体条款。The contract provides for any disputes to be settled by arbitration.本合同规定,任何争议均通过仲裁方式解决。

for writing a clear response修饰的是strategies,而非谓语动词 provide,表示目的。即提供strategies(给审查员)的目的是让审查员能够撰写一份清晰的答复文件。

response to attorney argumentsto修饰的是response,意思是审查员的这份答复文件是针对attorney arguments而做出的。

本句完整的含义应该如下段,但是出现的介词太多了,太冗余了,况且本培训材料的对象就是审查员,是非常明确的,那么在口语中就省略了。但是书面语还是有所不同的。英语中一般中心词往往靠前,所以靠前面的词往往更重要,是更需要强调的。

provide practical strategiesto examinersfor writing a clear response to attorney arguments。把提供的practical strategies靠前,侧重强调“实用策略”本身。比如想突出策略的价值、具体内容等时,适合用这个语序。

provideexaminers withpractical strategies forwriting a clear response to attorney arguments。把examiners靠前,侧重强调“审查员”这个动作对象。。比如想突出策略是专门为审查员设计、提供给审查员的,适合用这个语序。

13.arguments在正常口语环境下指的是争辩、争论。They had heated arguments about the project plan.他们就项目计划发生了激烈的争论。

这里用的是attorney arguments就是个专业术语了,是指律师为支持己方观点,针对专利审查意见提出的系统性的辩驳理由,可以翻译为答辩意见。抗辩意见一般在法庭中使用。

arguments的动词是argueThe attorney argued that the patent meets novelty requirements based on case law.律师基于判例抗辩称,该专利符合新颖性要求。

笔者认为:影响大家阅读英文速度的障碍可能就在于基础。基础不牢,地动山摇。而打基础,必须要扎实,一步一个脚印,也许前面花了很长时间,看着没有什么进步,但是越往后,进步越快。这就是赖世雄老师说的,快就是慢,慢就是快。在经历了漫长的打基础阶段之后,也许各位读者眼中的英语句子不再是这样的形式:

而变成了这样的形式:

每句中,大家只需要看实义词,并且能够很快地抓住这些实义词,而不需要看整个句子,那么阅读的速度会大大提高。即便不如像看母语那样一目十行,一目两三行还是可以做到的。我们一定要有这个自信。

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以上是笔者基于目前认知所形成的一家之言,若有不妥之处,欢迎大家评论交流!

本文为原创,若转载请注明出处,谢谢!

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000960s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=no_67808;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001560s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.005386s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.004686s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001497s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000610s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001471s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 465471 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.007864s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1770165418 WHERE `id` = 465471 [ RunTime:0.006275s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 64 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000739s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 465471 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001177s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 465471 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001110s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 465471 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.003604s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 465471 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.004199s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 465471 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.002410s ]
0.136059s