【26版步步高高中英语人教版必修一学习笔记WelcomeUnitSectionⅣDiscoveringUsefulStruct
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Section Ⅳ Discovering Useful Structures

阅读以下短文,感知黑体部分,并将对应的序号填入下面的表格
Albert Einstein said,“If ①you want to live a happy life,tie it to a goal.” I agree.②Goals are important in many ways.③Setting goals gives you a focus in life.By setting goals now,you are deciding what you want to achieve in the future.Then you know where you are going in life and can work hard to get there.④Setting goals also helps you develop good habits.To realize your goals,you need to have a good plan,manage your time well and pay attention to details.⑤These habits will be helpful.Finally,⑥setting goals makes you more confident.When you achieve a goal,you see the result of your hard work and know how much progress you have made.A goal is a dream that needs action.As a result of your action,⑦your dream will come true.Hopefully you will live a happy life.
主语+谓语(S+V) | _____ |
主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P) | _____ |
主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O) | _____ |
主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C) | _____ |
主语+谓语+间接宾语+ | |
直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO) | _____ |



句子的基本结构
一、句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语等。
二、基本句子结构
句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子,其实英语中最基本的句式只有八种,其他各种句式都是由这八种基本句式演变而来。八种基本句式如下:
1.主语+谓语(S+V)
这种简单句的谓语部分是不及物动词,意义很完整。这种句子没有被动语态。
The exchange students are registering.
这些交换生正在登记。
We all breathe,drink and eat.
我们都要呼吸、喝水和吃饭。
2.主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O)
这种简单句的谓语部分是及物动词,有些不及物动词后加上介词也可看成一个及物动词。
The students are doing an experiment.
学生们正在做一个实验。
She usually puts off carrying out her promise.
她经常拖延履行她的诺言。
You must listen to me.你必须听我的。
3.主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)
这种简单句表示主语的性质、状态、身份等。英语中的常见系动词有:be动词、感官类动词(look,smell,taste,feel,sound等)、表变化类动词(get,become,turn,go,grow,come等)、表保持类动词(keep,stay,remain等),可充当表语的形式有:形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词和从句。
My brothers are all college students.
我的弟弟们都是大学生。
My job in the supermarket is helping old people or little children go upstairs.
我在超市的工作是帮助老人或小孩上楼。
She looked a little annoyed.她看上去有点生气。
He became a teacher of English.
他成了一名英语教师。
As time went on,he grew more and more impatient.
时间长了,他越来越没有耐心。
It remains to be seen whether you are right.
你说得对不对还有待证实。
4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 (直接宾语和间接宾语叫作双宾语)(S+V+IO+DO)
My sister told me a long story.
=My sister told a long story to me.
我姐姐给我讲了一个很长的故事。
The professor gave us an exciting lecture.
=The professor gave an exciting lecture to us.
教授给我们做了一场激动人心的讲座。
[温馨提示] 双宾语由直接宾语和间接宾语组成。直接宾语是谓语动词的承受者,间接宾语表示谓语动作的方向(对谁做)或动作的目标(为谁做),间接宾语紧接在谓语动词后,但它不能单独存在,它和直接宾语组成双宾语。双宾语的常见结构:
(1)bring/give/hand/lend/pass/sell/show/take/teach/tell/write/offer/pay sb sth
=bring/give/hand/lend/pass/sell/show/take/teach/tell/write/offer/pay sth to sb
(2)buy/make sb sth=buy/make sth for sb
5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(宾语和宾补统称为复合宾语)(S+V+O+C)
We all call the baby Sara.
我们都叫这个婴儿萨拉。
I found his design very impressive.
我发现他的设计让人印象很深刻。
I found myself in a strange place.
我发现自己在一个陌生的地方。
The guide showed all the visitors in.
导游把所有的游客都带了进来。
[温馨提示] 宾补用来补充说明宾语的身份、地位或所处的状态。可作宾补的有:名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。平时常见常考的宾补结构有:
(1)ask,want,like,allow,advise,teach,persuade 等+宾语+to do 作宾补;
(2)感官动词:see,watch,notice,observe,feel,hear等+宾语+省略to的不定式/现在分词/过去分词作宾补;
(3)使役动词:let+宾语+省略to的不定式作宾补;
make+宾语+省略to的不定式/过去分词作宾补;
have+宾语+省略to的不定式/现在分词/过去分词作宾补。
注意:上述加省略to的不定式作宾补的动词如果变成被动语态,省略的to要加上。
She kept us waiting for her answer for over a week.她让我们等她的答复等了一个多星期。
I often hear her sing a German song in her lovely voice.
=She is often heard by me to sing a German song in her lovely voice.
我时常听到她用迷人的声音唱一首德语歌曲。
I will have all my clothes washed this afternoon.
今天下午我将把所有的衣服都洗完。
6.主语+谓语+状语(S+V+A)
“主语+谓语+状语”中的谓语是不及物动词,作状语的可以是副词、介词短语、名词短语、非谓语动词、少数形容词(短语)、独立主格结构、从句等。一般来说,状语在句中的位置比较灵活,它可以位于句首、句中或句末。
It snowed heavily this winter.(副词和名词短语作状语)今年冬天雪下得很大。
The children stayed in the room.(介词短语作状语)孩子们待在房间里。
Seeing the cat,the mouse ran off. (非谓语动词作状语)一见到猫,老鼠就跑了。
The boy went home,hungry and tired.[形容词(短语)作状语]男孩又饿又累地回到了家。
There being no further business to discuss,we all went home. (独立主格结构作状语)
没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。
7.主语+谓语+宾语+状语(S+V+O+A)
“主语+谓语+宾语+状语”中的谓语是及物动词,状语在句中的位置比较灵活。
He reached the station finally,only to be told the train had left.(副词作状语;非谓语动词作状语)
他最后到了车站,结果被告知火车已经开走了。
The police refused to arrest that man without more evidence.(介词短语作状语)
因为没有更多证据,警察拒绝逮捕那个人。
This term we will organize an English Comprehensive Skills Contest.(名词短语作状语)
这学期,我们将举行一次英语综合技能大赛。
Followed by a group of students,the teacher entered the lab.(过去分词作状语)
后面跟着一群学生,老师走进了实验室。
Although he was so tired,he still helped his father pick apples on the farm.(从句作状语)
虽然他很累,但是依然在农场帮助爸爸摘苹果。
8.there be...结构
“there be...结构”是英语中常用的句型,主要用来表达“(某处)有某物、某人或某事”,有时也可用来表示强调,there无实在意义。
There aren’t many books on the shelf.
书架上没有多少书。
There is a chair,two desks,and a bed in the room.
房间里有一把椅子、两张桌子和一张床。
[温馨提示] (1)在there be句型中,be的单复数与最靠近的名词的单复数保持一致,即遵循就近原则。
(2)在there be句型中,be之前有时可以加上seem to、appear to、happen to、used to或情态动词来描写事物。be动词还可以用stand,live,remain,exist等替换,用来表示“静止、存在”等概念。
There seemed to be no one who really understood me.似乎没人能真正理解我。
There happened to be no one in your office when I phoned.我打电话时,你办公室正好没人。
There used to be a temple where the school lies now.现在学校所在的地方以前是一座庙。
There must be something wrong with your computer.你的电脑一定有毛病。
There lives a family of five upstairs.
楼上住着一个五口之家。
There remains nothing more to be done.
没有什么其他事可做了。
(3)there be句型的时态

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