新概念三册学习笔记(第40课)

Lesson 40 Who’s who 真假难辨

课文原文

It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else.

谁也弄不清为什么大学生好像比任何人都更喜欢恶作剧。

Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax.

大学生擅长一种特殊的恶作剧—— 戏弄人。

Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in.

请消防队来扑灭一场根本没有的大火是一种低级骗局，有自尊心的大学生决不会去做。

Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victims.

大学生们常常做的是制造一种可笑的局面，使大家笑上一场，当然受害者是个例外。

When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill.

最近有个学生看见两个工人在学校外用风钻干活，便马上打电话给警察，说有两个学生装扮成工人，正在用风钻破坏路面。

As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to take him seriously.

挂上电话后，他又来到两个工人身边，告诉他们如果有警察来赶他们走，千万别当真。

He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people.

他还说有个学生扮成警察，到处开些无聊的玩笑。

Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information.

警察和工人们都很感激这个学生提前通风报信。

The student hid in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on.

那学生躲在附近的拱廊里，这样他就能看到和听到所有发生的事。

Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away.

果然，警察来到现场，很有礼貌地让工人们离开。

When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to remove them by force.

其中一个工人粗野地回了话，警察便威胁说要强行把他们赶走。

The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help.

工人们说，你爱怎样就怎样吧，于是警察打电话请求支援。

Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen.

不一会儿，又来了四个警察，和工人们争执起来。

As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill.

由于工人们拒绝停工，警察便试图夺下风钻。

The workmen struggled fiercely and one of them lost his temper.

工人们拼命反抗，其中一个发了火。

He threatened to call the police.

他威胁说要报警。

At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest.

听到这话，警察讽刺地指出，没必要报警了，因为他们已经被逮捕了。

Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station.

其中一个工人装模作样地问，在被带到警察局之前，他能不能打个电话。

Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a pay phone.

警察同意了，并陪他到了一个公用电话亭。

Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.

当警察看到那人真的是在给警察局打电话时，才恍然大悟，他们全都成了一场恶作剧的受害者。

课文分析

1.It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else.

·句子类型：复合句（含主语从句的被动句）

·核心结构：It (形式主语) + has never been explained (被动谓语) + why 引导的主语从句 (真正主语)

·语法要点：

形式主语it：为避免句子头重脚轻，用it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的why从句。正常语序为Why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else has never been explained.

被动语态has never been explained：现在完成时的被动，表示“从未被解释过”，强调结果。

比较级more than anyone else：anyone else排除了主语本身，避免逻辑错误。

·释义：谁也弄不清为什么大学生好像比任何人都更喜欢恶作剧。

2.Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax.

·句子类型：简单句

·核心结构：主语(Students) + 谓语( specialize in) + 宾语(a particular type of practical joke)

·语法要点：

固定搭配specialize in：表示“专门从事 / 擅长……”。

冒号用法：冒号后的the hoax是对a particular type of practical joke的解释说明。

·释义：大学生擅长一种特殊的恶作剧—— 戏弄人。

3.Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in.

·句子类型：复合句（含定语从句的主系表结构）

·核心结构：主语(Inviting...fire) + 系动词(is) + 表语(a crude form of deception) + which 引导的定语从句

·语法要点：

动名词作主语：Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire是动名词短语，作句子的主语，谓语动词用单数is。

固定搭配invite sb. to do sth. / put out a fire / indulge in：分别表示“邀请某人做某事”“灭火”“沉溺于 / 参与”。

定语从句which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in：which指代先行词deception，在从句中作indulge in的宾语。

·释义：请消防队来扑灭一场根本没有的大火是一种低级骗局，有自尊心的大学生决不会去做。

4.Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victims.

·句子类型：复合句（含定语从句）

·核心结构：主语(Students) + 谓语(create) + 宾语(amusing situations) + which 引导的定语从句

·语法要点：

定语从句which are funny to everyone except the victims：which指代先行词situations，在从句中作主语。

介词except：表示“除了…… 之外（不包含）”，与 besides（除了…… 之外还有）区分。

·释义：大学生们常常制造一些可笑的场面，除了受害者本人之外，所有人都觉得很有趣。

5.When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill.

·句子类型：复合句（含时间状语从句和宾语从句）

·核心结构：When 引导的时间状语从句 + 主句(he immediately telephoned...and informed them that... + that 引导的宾语从句)

·语法要点：

时间状语从句When a student recently saw...：用一般过去时，描述事件发生的背景。

固定搭配see sb. doing sth.：表示“看见某人正在做某事”，强调动作正在进行。

宾语从句that two students...were tearing up the road...：that引导的从句作informed them的直接宾语，时态为过去进行时were tearing up，表示当时正在发生的动作。

过去分词作后置定语dressed up as workmen：修饰two students，表示“装扮成工人的学生”，相当于 who were dressed up as workmen。

·释义：最近，有个学生在学校外看到两名工人在用风钻作业，他立刻给警察打电话，说有两个学生装扮成工人，正在用风钻破坏路面。

6.As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to take him seriously.

·句子类型：复合句（含时间状语从句、宾语从句和条件状语从句）

·核心结构：As soon as 引导的时间状语从句 + 主句(he went over...and told them that... + that 引导的宾语从句 + if 引导的条件状语从句)

·语法要点：

时间状语从句As soon as he had hung up：As soon as表示“一…… 就……”，从句用过去完成时 had hung up，表示动作发生在主句动作went over之前。

宾语从句that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to take him seriously：that引导的从句作told them的宾语，从句中嵌套了if引导的条件状语从句。

固定搭配be to do sth.：表示“应该 / 必须做某事”，带有命令或建议的语气；take sb. seriously表示“认真对待某人”。

·释义：他一挂上电话，就走到工人身边，告诉他们如果有警察命令他们离开，千万别当真。

7.He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people.

·句子类型：复合句（含宾语从句）

·核心结构：主语(He) + 谓语(added) + that 引导的宾语从句

·语法要点：

宾语从句that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people：that引导的从句作added的宾语。

过去完成时had dressed up：表示动作发生在added之前；过去进行时was playing表示当时正在进行的动作。

固定搭配dress up as / play jokes on sb.：分别表示“装扮成……”“开某人的玩笑”。

·释义：他补充说，有个学生装扮成警察，正在对人们开各种无聊的玩笑。

8.Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information.

·句子类型：简单句

·核心结构：主语(Both the police and the workmen) + 系动词(were) + 表语(grateful) + 状语(to the student for this piece of advance information)

·语法要点：

并列主语Both the police and the workmen：both...and...连接两个并列主语，谓语动词用复数were。

固定搭配be grateful to sb. for sth.：表示“因某事感激某人”。

名词短语advance information：表示“提前的消息 / 预告”。

·释义：警察和工人们都很感激这个学生提供的这条提前消息。

9.The student hid in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on.

·句子类型：复合句（含两个定语从句）

·核心结构：主语(The student) + 谓语(hid) + 地点状语(in an archway nearby) + where 引导的定语从句(修饰 archway) + that 引导的定语从句(修饰 everything)

·语法要点：

定语从句where he could watch and hear everything that went on：where是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，修饰先行词archway。

定语从句that went on：that是关系代词，指代先行词everything，在从句中作主语。当先行词为everything等不定代词时，关系代词只能用that。

·释义：那个学生躲在附近的一个拱廊里，在那里他能看到和听到发生的一切。

10.Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away.

·句子类型：简单句

·核心结构：状语(Sure enough) + 主语(a policeman) + 并列谓语(arrived...and asked...)

·语法要点：

固定短语Sure enough：表示“果然，不出所料”。

固定搭配arrive on the scene / ask sb. to do sth.：分别表示“到达现场”“要求某人做某事”。

·释义：果然，一名警察到达现场，礼貌地要求工人们离开。

11.When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to remove them by force.

·句子类型：复合句（含时间状语从句）

·核心结构：When 引导的时间状语从句 + 主句(he threatened to remove them by force)

·语法要点：

时间状语从句When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen：描述动作发生的时间背景。

固定搭配threaten to do sth. / remove sb. by force：分别表示“威胁要做某事”“强行赶走某人”。

·释义：当他收到其中一名工人非常粗鲁的回复时，他威胁要强行把他们赶走。

12.The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help.

·句子类型：并列句（含方式状语从句）

·核心结构：分句1(The workmen told him to do as he pleased) + and + 分句2(the policeman telephoned for help)

·语法要点：

方式状语从句as he pleased：as引导的从句表示“按照他喜欢的方式”，修饰 do。

固定搭配tell sb. to do sth. / telephone for help：分别表示“告诉某人做某事”“打电话求助”。

·释义：工人们告诉他想怎样就怎样，于是警察打电话请求支援。

13.Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen.

·句子类型：简单句

·核心结构：状语(Shortly afterwards) + 主语(four more policemen) + 并列谓语(arrived and remonstrated with the workmen)

·语法要点：

固定短语Shortly afterwards：表示“不久之后”。

数词用法four more policemen：数词 + more + 名词表示“额外的…… 个”，相当于 another four policemen。

固定搭配remonstrate with sb.：表示“与某人争执 / 抗议”。

·释义：不久之后，又有四名警察赶到，和工人们争执起来。

14.As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill.

·句子类型：复合句（含原因状语从句）

·核心结构：As 引导的原因状语从句 + 主句(the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill)

·语法要点：

原因状语从句As the men refused to stop working：As引导从句表示原因，语气比because弱，常用于句首。

固定搭配refuse to do sth. / attempt to do sth.：分别表示“拒绝做某事”“试图做某事”。

·释义：由于工人们拒绝停工，警察试图夺下风钻。

15.The workmen struggled fiercely and one of them lost his temper.

·句子类型：并列句

·核心结构：分句1(The workmen struggled fiercely) + and + 分句2(one of them lost his temper)

·语法要点：

并列句结构：and连接两个并列的简单句，表示顺承关系。

固定搭配struggle fiercely / lose one's temper：分别表示“激烈反抗”“发脾气”。

·释义：工人们拼命反抗，其中一个发了火。

16.He threatened to call the police.

·句子类型：简单句

·核心结构：主语(He) + 谓语(threatened) + 宾语(to call the police)

·语法要点：

固定搭配threaten to do sth.：表示“威胁要做某事”。

·释义：他威胁说要报警。

17.At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest.

·句子类型：复合句（含宾语从句和原因状语从句）

·核心结构：状语(At this) + 主语(the police) + 谓语(pointed out) + 状语(ironically) + that 引导的宾语从句 + as 引导的原因状语从句

·语法要点：

固定短语At this：表示“听到这话 / 看到这个”。

宾语从句that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest：that引导的从句作pointed out的宾语。

原因状语从句as the men were already under arrest：as引导从句表示原因，解释为什么没必要报警。

固定搭配point out / under arrest：分别表示“指出”“被逮捕”。

·释义：听到这话，警察讽刺地指出，没必要报警了，因为他们已经被逮捕了。

18.Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station.

·句子类型：复合句（含宾语从句和时间状语）

·核心结构：现在分词作状语(Pretending to speak seriously) + 主语(one of the workmen) + 谓语(asked) + if 引导的宾语从句 + 时间状语(before being taken to the station)

·语法要点：

现在分词作伴随状语Pretending to speak seriously：现在分词短语作状语，表示伴随状态，其逻辑主语是句子的主语one of the workmen。

宾语从句if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station：if引导的从句作asked的宾语，表示“是否”。

介词 + 动名词 before being taken to the station：before是介词，后面接动名词；being taken是动名词的被动形式，表示“被带到警察局之前”。

·释义：其中一个工人装模作样地问，在被带到警察局之前，他能不能打个电话。

19. Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a pay phone.

·句子类型：并列句

·核心结构：分句1(Permission was granted) + and + 分句2(a policeman accompanied him to a pay phone)

·语法要点：

被动语态Permission was granted：一般过去时的被动，表示“许可被批准了”，即 “同意了他的请求”。

固定搭配accompany sb. to sp.：表示“陪同某人去某地”。

·释义：警察同意了，并陪他到了一个公用电话亭。

20. Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.

·句子类型：复合句（含倒装句、宾语从句）

·核心结构：Only + when 引导的时间状语从句 + 主句(部分倒装) + that 引导的宾语从句

·语法要点：

倒装句Only when...did he realize...：当only + 状语（从句 / 副词 / 介词短语）位于句首时，主句需要部分倒装，即将助动词 did提到主语he之前，还原为正常语序为He realized that they had all been the victims of a hoax only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police.

宾语从句that the man was actually telephoning the police：作saw的宾语，时态为过去进行时。

宾语从句that they had all been the victims of a hoax：作realize的宾语，时态为过去完成时had been，表示动作发生在realized之前。

·释义：当警察看到那人真的是在给警察局打电话时，才恍然大悟，他们全都成了一场恶作剧的受害者。

词汇分析

一、核心词汇

1.practical /ˈpræktɪkl/adj. 实际的；恶作剧的

practical joke 恶作剧

2.specialize /ˈspeʃəlaɪz/v. 专攻，擅长

3.hoax /həʊks/n. 骗局，戏弄，恶作剧

4.brigade /brɪˈɡeɪd/n. 队，大队 fire brigade 消防队

5.nonexistent /ˌnɒnɪɡˈzɪstənt/adj. 不存在的

6.crude /kruːd/adj. 粗俗的，低级的，拙劣的

7.deception /dɪˈsepʃn/n. 欺骗，骗局

8.indulge /ɪnˈdʌldʒ/v. 沉溺，纵容

9.amusing /əˈmjuːzɪŋ/adj. 有趣的，好笑的

10.victim /ˈvɪktɪm/n. 受害者，受骗者

11.pneumatic /njuːˈmætɪk/adj. 气动的

pneumatic drill 风钻

12.inform /ɪnˈfɔːm/v. 告知，通知

13.advance /ədˈvɑːns/adj. 预先的，提前的

14.archway /ˈɑːtʃweɪ/n. 拱廊，拱门通道

15.scene /siːn/n. 现场，场面

16.rude /ruːd/adj. 粗鲁的，无礼的

17.threaten /ˈθretn/v. 威胁，扬言

18.remonstrate /ˈremənstreɪt/v. 抗议，争辩，规劝

19.fiercely /ˈfɪəsli/adv. 猛烈地，激烈地

20.permission /pəˈmɪʃn/n. 允许，许可

21.accompany /əˈkʌmpəni/v. 陪伴，陪同

22.victim /ˈvɪktɪm/n. 受害者

23.hoax /həʊks/n. 骗局，愚弄

二、高级固定搭配

1.enjoy practical jokes 喜欢恶作剧

2.specialize in 擅长；专攻

3.put out a fire 灭火

4.indulge in 沉溺于；热衷于

5.dress up as 装扮成

6.tear up 破坏；撕碎

7.hang up 挂断电话

8.take sb seriously 把某人当真；重视某人

9.play jokes on sb 捉弄某人

10.be grateful to sb for sth 因某事感激某人

11.arrive on the scene 抵达现场

12.remove sb by force 强行赶走某人

13.telephones for help 打电话求助

14.refuse to do sth 拒绝做某事

15.attempt to do sth 试图做某事

16.lose one’s temper 发脾气

17.point out 指出

18.under arrest 被捕

19.make a telephone call 打电话

20.be the victims of 成为…… 的受害者

三、拓展高频搭配

1. joke 相关

play a joke on sb 开某人玩笑

make fun of sb 取笑某人

trick sb into doing 骗某人做某事

2. inform 相关

inform sb of sth 通知某人某事

keep sb informed 随时告知某人

3. advance 相关

in advance 提前

advance notice 预先通知

advance plan 预案

4. force 相关

by force 靠武力

force sb to do 逼迫某人做

air force 空军

5. temper 相关

keep one’s temper 忍住脾气

bad temper 坏脾气

6. accompany 相关

accompany sb home 陪某人回家

accompany with 伴随着

7. arrest 相关

place sb under arrest 逮捕某人

escape arrest 逃脱抓捕

8. gratitude 情感类

express gratitude 表达谢意

owe gratitude to sb 亏欠某人恩情

句型分析

句型 1

课文原句：It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else.

句型框架：It has never been explained why + 陈述句

套用逻辑：替换主语、行为主体、行为动作即可

仿写例句：It has never been explained why young people tend to prefer online social activities more than face-to-face communication.

例句翻译：没人能说清为何年轻人比起面对面交流，更偏爱线上社交。

句型 2

课文原句：Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in.

句型框架：Doing sth is a kind of behavior which no sensible person would do.

套用逻辑：更换动名词主语、行为性质、人群范围

仿写例句：Spreading untrue rumors is an improper conduct which no rational citizen would ever accept.

例句翻译：散播不实谣言是一种不当行为，理智的公民都不会认同。

句型 3

课文原句：As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them the truth.

句型框架：As soon as sb had done A, sb did B and did sth else.

套用逻辑：替换先后发生的两个动作

仿写例句：As soon as they had finished study, they went out and took part in outdoor sports.

例句翻译：他们一结束学习，就出门参与户外运动。

句型 4

课文原句：Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information.

句型框架：Both A and B are grateful to sb for sth beneficial.

套用逻辑：替换两类人群、感激对象、事由

仿写例句：Both parents and teachers are grateful to children for their sincere efforts and positive progress.

例句翻译：家长与老师都为孩子们真诚的付出与积极的进步心怀欣慰。

句型 5

课文原句：Only when he saw the fact did he realize that they had all been cheated.

句型框架：Only when sb witness the truth did sb realize that + 完整句子（高分倒装）

套用逻辑：替换场景、事实内容、感悟内容

仿写例句：Only when we experience difficulties did we realize that teamwork is extremely important.

例句翻译：唯有历经困境，我们才意识到团队合作至关重要。