Lesson 47 Too high a price?
课文原文：
Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over-industrialized planet.
污染，就是我们为这个人口过密、过度工业化的星球所付出的代价。
When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it into something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it.
当你仔细想想，处理垃圾的方法不外乎四种：倾倒、焚烧、回收再利用，或是尝试减少垃圾的产生。
We keep trying all four methods, but the sheer volume of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us.
我们一直在尝试这四种方法，但全世界产生的海量垃圾，正有将我们淹没的趋势。
Rubbish, however, is only part of the problem of polluting our planet.
然而，垃圾只是污染我们星球的问题之一。
The need to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food leads to a different kind of pollution.
人们对廉价食品的需求不断增长，也带来了另一种污染。
Industrialized farming methods produce cheap meat products: beef, pork and chicken.
工业化的养殖方式生产出廉价的肉制品：牛肉、猪肉和鸡肉。
The use of pesticides and fertilizers produces cheap grain and vegetables.
农药和化肥的使用，带来了廉价的粮食和蔬菜。
The price we pay for cheap food may be already too high: Mad Cow Disease (BSE) in cattle, salmonella in chicken and eggs, and listeria in dairy products.
我们为廉价食品付出的代价或许已经太高了：牛身上的疯牛病（BSE），鸡肉和鸡蛋中的沙门氏菌，以及乳制品中的李斯特菌。
And if you think you’ll abandon meat and become a vegetarian, you have the choice of very expensive organically-grown vegetables or a steady diet of pesticides every time you think you’re eating fresh salads and vegetables, or just having an innocent glass of water!
如果你想放弃肉类、改做素食主义者，那么你要么选择价格高昂的有机蔬菜，要么就得在每次吃新鲜沙拉、蔬菜，甚至只是喝一杯清水时，都持续摄入农药残留！
However, there is an even more insidious kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.
然而，还有一种更隐蔽的污染，尤其影响城市地区、并入侵我们的日常生活，那就是噪音。
Burglar alarms going off at any time of the day or night serve only to annoy passers-by and actually assist burglars to burgle.
昼夜随时响起的防盗警报，只会惹恼路人，实际上反倒帮了窃贼的忙。
Car alarms constantly scream at us in the street and are a source of profound irritation.
汽车警报在街上不停地对我们尖叫，是让人极度烦躁的源头。
A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed (surprisingly?) that dogs barking incessantly in the night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from 1 to 7.
最近一项关于噪音影响的调查显示（这结果出乎意料吗？），在 1 到 7 级的噪音污染评级中，夜间不停吠叫的狗被评为最高等级。
The survey revealed a large number of sources of noise that we really dislike.
调查还列出了许多我们真正反感的噪音来源。
Lawn mowers whining on a summer’s day, late-night parties in apartment blocks, noisy neighbours, vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet villages, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume.
夏日里嗡嗡作响的割草机、公寓楼里的深夜派对、吵闹的邻居、各种车辆（尤其是驶过宁静村庄、轰鸣作响的大型集装箱卡车）、头顶飞过的飞机和直升机、在公共场所被开到最大音量的大型收音机。
New technology has also made its own contribution to noise.
新技术也为噪音 “添砖加瓦”。
A lot of people object to mobile phones, especially when they are used in public places like restaurants or on public transport.
很多人都反感手机，尤其是在餐厅、公共交通这类公共场所使用手机时。
Loud conversations on mobile phones invade our thoughts or interrupt the pleasure of meeting friends for a quiet chat.
手机里大声的交谈会打断我们的思绪，或是破坏和朋友安静聊天的乐趣。
The noise pollution survey revealed a rather surprising and possibly amusing old-fashioned source of noise.
这项噪音污染调查还发现了一个相当出人意料、甚至有点好笑的老式噪音来源。
It turned out to be snoring!
那就是打鼾！
Men were found to be the worst offenders.
调查发现男性是 “重灾区”。
It was revealed that 20% of men in their mid-thirties snore.
数据显示，35 岁左右的男性中，有 20% 会打鼾。
This figure rises to a staggering 60% of men in their sixties.
到了 60 多岁的男性中，这一比例飙升至惊人的 60%。
Against these figures, it was found that only 5% of women snore regularly, while the rest are constantly woken or kept awake by their trumpeting partners.
相比之下，只有 5% 的女性会定期打鼾，其余的女性则经常被鼾声如雷的伴侣吵醒，或是整夜无法入睡。
Whatever the source of noise, one thing is certain: silence, it seems, has become a golden memory.
无论噪音的来源是什么，有一点是确定的：宁静，似乎已经成了一段珍贵的回忆。
课文分析：
1. Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over-industrialized planet.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 省略关系代词的定语从句）
·核心结构：主系表结构 + 定语从句
主句：Pollution is the price
定语从句：(that/which) we pay for an overpopulated, over-industrialized planet（修饰先行词the price）
·语法要点：
1.定语从句中，关系代词that/which在从句中作pay的宾语，可省略。
2.pay the price for sth. 是固定搭配，意为 “为某事付出代价”。
3.复合形容词overpopulated（人口过密的）、over-industrialized（过度工业化的）作前置定语。
·释义：污染是我们为这个人口过密、过度工业化的星球所付出的代价。
2. When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it into something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it.
·句子类型：复合句（时间状语从句 + 主句 + 省略关系代词的定语从句 + 并列结构）
·核心结构：时间状语从句 + there be句型 + 定语从句 + 四个并列不定式短语（解释说明four ways）
状语从句：When you come to think about it
主句：there are only four ways
定语从句：(that/which) you can deal with rubbish（修饰先行词four ways）
并列结构：dump it, burn it, turn it into something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it（四个不定式短语，省略了 to，补充说明four ways的具体内容）
·语法要点：
1.come to do sth. 意为 “逐渐 / 开始做某事”。
2.deal with 固定搭配，意为 “处理、应对”。
3.冒号后的并列结构是对前面four ways的同位解释，四个动词原形短语并列，构成平行结构。
4.turn sth. into sth. 意为 “把某物转化为某物”。
·释义：当你仔细思考时，处理垃圾的方法不外乎四种：倾倒、焚烧、回收再利用，或是尝试减少垃圾的产生。
3. We keep trying all four methods, but the sheer volume of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us.
·句子类型：并列复合句（两个分句由but连接，第二个分句含定语从句）
·核心结构：分句 1（主谓宾） + but + 分句 2（主谓宾，含定语从句）
分句 1：We keep trying all four methods
分句 2：the sheer volume of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us
定语从句：(that/which) we produce worldwide（修饰先行词rubbish）
·语法要点：
1.keep doing sth. 意为 “持续 / 一直做某事”。
2.sheer 此处为形容词，意为 “巨大的、纯粹的”，修饰volume。
3.threaten to do sth. 意为 “有……的危险、威胁要做某事”。
4.overwhelm 此处意为 “压垮、使不知所措”。
·释义：我们一直在尝试这四种方法，但全世界产生的海量垃圾，正有将我们淹没的趋势。
4. Rubbish, however, is only part of the problem of polluting our planet.
·句子类型：简单句（主系表结构，含插入语）
·核心结构：主语 + 插入语 + 系动词 + 表语
主干：Rubbish is only part of the problem
插入语：however（表转折，前后用逗号隔开）
后置定语：of polluting our planet（修饰the problem）
·语法要点：
1.however 作插入语，表转折，可置于句中、句首或句末，前后用逗号隔开。
2.介词of后接动名词polluting作宾语。
·释义：然而，垃圾只是污染我们星球的问题之一。
5. The need to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food leads to a different kind of pollution.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构，含不定式作后置定语）
·核心结构：主语 + 后置定语 + 谓语 + 宾语
主干：The need leads to a different kind of pollution
后置定语：to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food（修饰主语The need）
·语法要点：
1.不定式短语to produce... 作后置定语，修饰抽象名词need，表示 “做某事的需求”。
2.ever-increasing 复合形容词，意为 “不断增长的”。
3.quantities of 后接复数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用复数形式（本句中leads的主语是The need，故用单数）。
4.lead to 固定搭配，意为 “导致、造成”。
·释义：人们对廉价食品的需求不断增长，也带来了另一种污染。
6. Industrialized farming methods produce cheap meat products: beef, pork and chicken.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构，含同位语）
·核心结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 同位语
主干：Industrialized farming methods produce cheap meat products
同位语：beef, pork and chicken（冒号后列举具体的meat products）
·语法要点：
1.industrialized 形容词，意为 “工业化的”，作前置定语修饰farming methods。
2.冒号用于列举，对前面的名词进行补充说明。
·释义：工业化的养殖方式生产出廉价的肉制品：牛肉、猪肉和鸡肉。
7. The use of pesticides and fertilizers produces cheap grain and vegetables.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 + 后置定语 + 谓语 + 宾语
主干：The use produces cheap grain and vegetables
后置定语：of pesticides and fertilizers（修饰主语The use）
·语法要点：
1.介词短语of pesticides and fertilizers 作后置定语，修饰抽象名词The use。
2.pesticides（杀虫剂）、fertilizers（化肥）为并列名词。
·释义：农药和化肥的使用，带来了廉价的粮食和蔬菜。
8. The price we pay for cheap food may be already too high: Mad Cow Disease (BSE) in cattle, salmonella in chicken and eggs, and listeria in dairy products.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 省略关系代词的定语从句，含同位语列举）
·核心结构：主句（主系表） + 定语从句 + 同位语列举
主句：The price may be already too high
定语从句：(that/which) we pay for cheap food（修饰先行词The price）
同位语：冒号后列举三种疾病，补充说明too high的具体表现
·语法要点：
1.定语从句中that/which作pay的宾语，可省略。
2.pay the price for sth. 固定搭配。
3.冒号后为三个并列的名词短语，用来说明代价的具体内容。
·释义：我们为廉价食品付出的代价或许已经太高了：牛身上的疯牛病（BSE），鸡肉和鸡蛋中的沙门氏菌，以及乳制品中的李斯特菌。
9. And if you think you’ll abandon meat and become a vegetarian, you have the choice of very expensive organically-grown vegetables or a steady diet of pesticides every time you think you’re eating fresh salads and vegetables, or just having an innocent glass of water!
·句子类型：复合句（条件状语从句 + 主句，从句中含宾语从句，主句中含时间状语从句）
·核心结构：条件状语从句（含宾语从句） + 主句（含时间状语从句）
条件状语从句：if you think you’ll abandon meat and become a vegetarian
宾语从句：you’ll abandon meat and become a vegetarian（作think的宾语）
主句：you have the choice of A or B every time you think...
时间状语从句：every time you think you’re eating... or just having...（every time引导时间状语从句）
宾语从句：you’re eating fresh salads and vegetables, or just having an innocent glass of water（作think的宾语）
·语法要点：
1.abandon 意为 “放弃”；become a vegetarian 意为 “成为素食主义者”。
2.have the choice of A or B 意为 “在 A 和B 之间做选择”。
3.organically-grown 复合形容词，意为 “有机种植的”。
4.every time 引导时间状语从句，意为 “每次…… 的时候”。
5.innocent 此处为反语，意为 “看似无害的、普通的”。
·释义：如果你想放弃肉类、改做素食主义者，那么你要么选择价格高昂的有机蔬菜，要么就得在每次吃新鲜沙拉、蔬菜，甚至只是喝一杯清水时，都持续摄入农药残留！
10. However, there is an even more insidious kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.
·句子类型：复合句（there be句型 + 定语从句，含并列谓语）
·核心结构：there be句型 + 定语从句 + 并列分句
主干：there is an even more insidious kind of pollution, and that is noise
定语从句：that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives（修饰先行词pollution，含并列谓语affects和invades）
·语法要点：
1.insidious 意为 “隐蔽的、暗中危害的”。
2.定语从句的先行词是pollution，关系代词that在从句中作主语，不可省略。
3.affects 和 invades 是定语从句中的并列谓语，共用主语that。
·释义：然而，还有一种更隐蔽的污染，尤其影响城市地区、并入侵我们的日常生活，那就是噪音。
11. Burglar alarms going off at any time of the day or night serve only to annoy passers-by and actually assist burglars to burgle.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构，含现在分词作后置定语）
·核心结构：主语 + 后置定语 + 谓语 + 并列不定式作状语
主干：Burglar alarms serve only to annoy passers-by and actually assist burglars to burgle
后置定语：going off at any time of the day or night（现在分词短语修饰主语Burglar alarms）
·语法要点：
1.go off 此处意为 “（警报）响起”。
2.现在分词短语going off... 作后置定语，与被修饰词Burglar alarms构成主动关系。
3.serve to do sth. 意为 “起……作用、有助于……”。
4.assist sb. to do sth. 意为 “帮助某人做某事”。
·释义：昼夜随时响起的防盗警报，只会惹恼路人，实际上反倒帮了窃贼的忙。
12. Car alarms constantly scream at us in the street and are a source of profound irritation.
·句子类型：简单句（并列谓语结构）
·核心结构：主语 + 并列谓语 1 + 状语 + and + 并列谓语 2
主干：Car alarms constantly scream at us in the street and are a source of profound irritation
·语法要点：
1.scream at sb. 此处为拟人用法，意为 “对着某人尖叫”。
2.主语Car alarms 有两个并列谓语：scream 和 are。
3.profound irritation 意为 “极度的烦躁”。
·释义：汽车警报在街上不停地对我们尖叫，是让人极度烦躁的源头。
13. A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed (surprisingly?) that dogs barking incessantly in the night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from 1 to 7.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 宾语从句，含现在分词作后置定语）
·核心结构：主句（主谓宾） + 宾语从句（主谓宾，含现在分词作后置定语）
主句：A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed (surprisingly?) that...
宾语从句：that dogs barking incessantly in the night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from 1 to 7
后置定语：barking incessantly in the night（修饰dogs）
后置定语：ranging from 1 to 7（修饰a scale）
·语法要点：
1.括号内的surprisingly? 是插入语，表示作者的调侃语气。
2.reveal that... 意为 “揭示、显示……”，后接宾语从句。
3.incessantly 意为 “不停地、持续地”。
4.rate 此处为动词，意为 “被评为、被定级为”。
5.on a scale ranging from A to B 意为 “在从 A 到B 的等级范围内”。
·释义：最近一项关于噪音影响的调查显示（这结果出乎意料吗？），在 1 到 7 级的噪音污染评级中，夜间不停吠叫的狗被评为最高等级。
14. The survey revealed a large number of sources of noise that we really dislike.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 定语从句）
·核心结构：主句（主谓宾） + 定语从句（修饰先行词noise）
主句：The survey revealed a large number of sources of noise
定语从句：that we really dislike（关系代词that在从句中作宾语，可省略）
·语法要点：
1.a large number of 后接复数名词，意为 “大量的”。
2.定语从句修饰的先行词是noise，that在从句中作dislike的宾语，可省略。
·释义：调查还列出了许多我们真正反感的噪音来源。
15. Lawn mowers whining on a summer’s day, late-night parties in apartment blocks, noisy neighbours, vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet villages, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume.
·句子类型：名词性短语（无谓语动词，为列举的名词短语，承接上一句的sources of noise）
·核心结构：多个并列的名词短语，每个短语含后置定语
Lawn mowers whining on a summer’s day（现在分词短语作后置定语）
late-night parties in apartment blocks（介词短语作后置定语）
noisy neighbours（形容词作前置定语）
vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet villages（含同位语和现在分词后置定语）
planes and helicopters flying overhead（现在分词短语作后置定语）
large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume（过去分词短语作后置定语，含并列结构）
·语法要点：
本句为省略句，承接上一句的The survey revealed...，完整形式为The survey revealed... the following sources of noise: ...。
现在分词短语（如whining、thundering、flying）作后置定语，表示主动 / 正在进行的动作；过去分词短语（如carried、played）作后置定语，表示被动含义。
especially 用于强调，引出vehicles of all kinds的具体例子。
at maximum volume 意为 “以最大音量”。
·释义：夏日里嗡嗡作响的割草机、公寓楼里的深夜派对、吵闹的邻居、各种车辆（尤其是驶过宁静村庄、轰鸣作响的大型集装箱卡车）、头顶飞过的飞机和直升机、在公共场所被开到最大音量的大型收音机。
16. New technology has also made its own contribution to noise.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 后置定语
主干：New technology has also made its own contribution to noise
·语法要点：
1.make a contribution to sth. 固定搭配，意为 “对…… 做出贡献”（此处为反语）。
2.现在完成时has made 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。
·释义：新技术也为噪音 “添砖加瓦”。
17. A lot of people object to mobile phones, especially when they are used in public places like restaurants or on public transport.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 时间状语从句）
·核心结构：主句（主谓宾） + 时间状语从句（被动语态）
主句：A lot of people object to mobile phones
时间状语从句：especially when they are used in public places like restaurants or on public transport（they指代mobile phones）
·语法要点：
1.object to sth. 意为 “反对、反感某物”，to为介词，后接名词 / 动名词。
2.时间状语从句中使用被动语态are used，表示 “被使用”。
3.like restaurants or on public transport 是对public places的举例说明。
·释义：很多人都反感手机，尤其是在餐厅、公共交通这类公共场所使用手机时。
18. Loud conversations on mobile phones invade our thoughts or interrupt the pleasure of meeting friends for a quiet chat.
·句子类型：简单句（并列谓语结构）
·核心结构：主语 + 并列谓语 1 + 宾语 1 + or + 并列谓语 2 + 宾语 2
主干：Loud conversations on mobile phones invade our thoughts or interrupt the pleasure of meeting friends for a quiet chat
·语法要点：
1.invade 此处意为 “干扰、侵扰”。
2.interrupt 意为 “打断、打扰”。
3.介词短语of meeting friends for a quiet chat 作后置定语，修饰the pleasure。
·释义：手机里大声的交谈会打断我们的思绪，或是破坏和朋友安静聊天的乐趣。
19. The noise pollution survey revealed a rather surprising and possibly amusing old-fashioned source of noise.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构，含并列形容词作定语）
·核心结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语（含多个前置定语）
主干：The noise pollution survey revealed a rather surprising and possibly amusing old-fashioned source of noise
·语法要点：
1.多个形容词rather surprising、possibly amusing、old-fashioned 作前置定语，共同修饰source of noise。
2.old-fashioned 复合形容词，意为 “老式的、过时的”。
·释义：这项噪音污染调查还发现了一个相当出人意料、甚至有点好笑的老式噪音来源。
20. It turned out to be snoring!
·句子类型：简单句（主谓结构，含固定句型）
·核心结构：固定句型It turned out to be...
主干：It turned out to be snoring
·语法要点：
1.It turned out to be... 是固定句型，意为 “结果证明是……、原来是……”，It为形式主语。
2.snoring 此处为动名词，意为 “打鼾（这件事）”。
·释义：那就是打鼾！
21. Men were found to be the worst offenders.
·句子类型：简单句（被动语态，含主语补足语）
·核心结构：被动语态结构主语 + be + 过去分词 + to do
主干：Men were found to be the worst offenders
·语法要点：
1.sb./sth. be found to do sth. 意为 “某人 / 某物被发现……”，是被动语态结构，to be the worst offenders 为主语补足语。
2.offenders 此处意为 “肇事者、罪魁祸首”。
·释义：调查发现男性是 “重灾区”。
22. It was revealed that 20% of men in their mid-thirties snore.
·句子类型：复合句（形式主语句型，含主语从句）
·核心结构：形式主语It + 被动语态 + 真正主语（that 引导的主语从句）
主干：It was revealed that...
主语从句：that 20% of men in their mid-thirties snore
·语法要点：
1.It was revealed that... 是固定句型，意为 “据揭示 / 显示……”，It为形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。
2.in their mid-thirties 意为 “在他们 35 岁左右 / 三十多岁中期”。
·释义：数据显示，35 岁左右的男性中，有 20% 会打鼾。
23. This figure rises to a staggering 60% of men in their sixties.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 后置定语
主干：This figure rises to a staggering 60% of men in their sixties
·语法要点：
1.rise to 意为 “上升至、达到”。
2.staggering 形容词，意为 “令人震惊的、惊人的”，修饰60%。
3.in their sixties 意为 “在他们六十多岁时”。
·释义：到了 60 多岁的男性中，这一比例飙升至惊人的 60%。
24. Against these figures, it was found that only 5% of women snore regularly, while the rest are constantly woken or kept awake by their trumpeting partners.
·句子类型：复合句（形式主语句型 + 让步 / 对比状语从句，含被动语态）
·核心结构：介词短语作状语 + 形式主语句型 + 对比状语从句（被动语态）
状语：Against these figures（意为 “与这些数据相比”）
主句：it was found that only 5% of women snore regularly
对比状语从句：while the rest are constantly woken or kept awake by their trumpeting partners（while表对比）
§被动语态：are constantly woken or kept awake by...
·语法要点：
1.Against these figures 为固定表达，意为 “与这些数据相比”。
2.It was found that...句型，It为形式主语。
3.while 此处表对比，意为 “而、然而”。
4.trumpeting 此处为比喻用法，意为 “鼾声如雷的”，修饰partners。
5.被动语态are woken or kept awake by sb. 意为 “被某人吵醒 / 弄醒”。
·释义：相比之下，只有 5% 的女性会定期打鼾，其余的女性则经常被鼾声如雷的伴侣吵醒，或是整夜无法入睡。
25. Whatever the source of noise, one thing is certain: silence, it seems, has become a golden memory.
·句子类型：复合句（让步状语从句 + 主句，含插入语）
·核心结构：让步状语从句（省略句） + 主句 + 同位语 / 解释说明
让步状语从句：Whatever the source of noise（完整形式为Whatever the source of noise is）
主句：one thing is certain: silence, it seems, has become a golden memory
插入语：it seems（前后用逗号隔开）
·语法要点：
1.Whatever 引导让步状语从句，意为 “无论…… 是什么”，从句中常省略系动词is。
2.冒号后的句子是对前面one thing is certain的具体解释。
3.it seems 为插入语，表 “似乎、看起来”。
4.golden memory 此处意为 “珍贵的回忆”。
·释义：无论噪音的来源是什么，有一点是确定的：宁静，似乎已经成了一段珍贵的回忆。
词汇分析：
一、核心词汇
1.pollution /pəˈluːʃn/n. 污染
2.overpopulated /ˌəʊvəˈpɒpjuleɪtɪd/adj. 人口过密的
3.over-industrialized /ˌəʊvə ɪnˈdʌstriəlaɪzd/adj. 过度工业化的
4.rubbish /ˈrʌbɪʃ/n. 垃圾；废弃物
5.dump/dʌmp/v. 倾倒；丢弃 n. 垃圾场
6.sheer /ʃɪə(r)/adj. 纯粹的；巨大的；十足的
7.volume /ˈvɒljuːm/n. 量；数量；体积；音量
8.overwhelm /ˌəʊvəˈwelm/v. 淹没；压垮；使难以承受
9.industrialized /ɪnˈdʌstriəlaɪzd/adj. 工业化的
10.pesticide /ˈpestɪsaɪd/n. 杀虫剂；农药
11.fertilizer /ˈfɜːtəlaɪzə(r)/n. 肥料；化肥
12.vegetarian /ˌvedʒəˈteəriən/n. 素食主义者 adj. 素食的
13.organically-grown /ɔːˈɡænɪkli ɡrəʊn/adj. 有机种植的
14.insidious /ɪnˈsɪdiəs/adj. 潜伏的；暗中危害的；隐蔽的
15.urban /ˈɜːbən/adj. 城市的；都市的
16.burglar /ˈbɜːɡlə(r)/n. 入室窃贼
17.passer-by /ˌpɑːsə ˈbaɪ/n. 路人；过路人（复数 passers-by）
18.incessantly /ɪnˈsesntli/adv. 不停地；持续不断地
19.lawn mower /lɔːn ˈməʊə(r)/n. 割草机
20.apartment block /əˈpɑːtmənt blɒk/n. 公寓楼
21.thunder /ˈθʌndə(r)/v. 轰鸣；隆隆驶过 n. 雷声
22.maximum /ˈmæksɪməm/adj. 最大的；最高的 n. 最大值
23.object /əbˈdʒekt/v. 反对；反感
24.interrupt /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/v. 打断；打扰
25.old-fashioned /ˌəʊld ˈfæʃnd/adj. 老式的；过时的
26.snore /snɔː(r)/v. & n. 打鼾；呼噜声
27.offender /əˈfendə(r)/n. 肇事者；违规者；罪魁祸首
28.staggering /ˈstæɡərɪŋ/adj. 令人震惊的；惊人的
29.trumpeting /ˈtrʌmpɪtɪŋ/adj. 鼾声如雷的；轰鸣作响的
30.golden /ˈɡəʊldən/adj. 珍贵的；黄金般的；金色的
二、高级固定搭配
1.pay the price for sth.
出处：Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated planet.
释义：为…… 付出代价
解析：写作万能搭配，议论文代价类话题必用；可替换 pay a heavy price for 为…… 付出沉重代价
2.come to think about it
出处：When you come to think about it...
释义：仔细想来；静下心想想
解析：口语 + 写作过渡短语，用于引出个人思考、展开观点
3.deal with rubbish / problems
出处：four ways you can deal with rubbish
释义：处理垃圾 / 解决问题
解析：deal with 侧重处理、应对复杂问题；do with 侧重处置物品
4.turn A into B
出处：turn it into something you can use again
释义：把 A 转化为 B；使 A 变成 B
解析：环保、科技、改造类作文高频句式
5.keep doing sth.
出处：We keep trying all four methods
释义：持续不断做某事；一直做某事
解析：强调动作反复进行，无间断
6.threaten to do sth.
出处：the sheer volume... threatens to overwhelm us
释义：有…… 的趋势；威胁要；预示会
解析：图表作文、环境作文描述潜在危害专用
7.lead to pollution / problems
出处：leads to a different kind of pollution
释义：导致；引发（负面结果居多）
解析：写作因果关系黄金搭配，可替换 result in /give rise to
8.abandon sth. and become...
出处：abandon meat and become a vegetarian
释义：放弃某物转而成为……
解析：用于生活方式、习惯改变类话题
9.have the choice of A or B
出处：you have the choice of A or B
释义：可以在 A 和B 之间选择
解析：议论文二选一观点句式
10.serve only to do sth.
出处：serve only to annoy passers-by
释义：只会起到…… 作用；反倒只是……
解析：高级评价句式，表负面作用、适得其反
11.assist sb. to do sth.
出处：assist burglars to burgle
释义：帮助某人做某事
解析：正式书面语，比 help sb. do 更高级
12.on a scale ranging from A to B
出处：rated the highest form... on a scale ranging from 1 to 7
释义：在从 A 到B 的等级范围内
解析：图表作文分级、评分万能搭配
13.a large number of + 复数名词
出处：a large number of sources of noise
释义：大量的……
解析：修饰可数名词复数，写作替换 many
14.make a contribution to sth.
出处：made its own contribution to noise
释义：对…… 做出贡献（课文反语：推波助澜）
解析：正式书面搭配，可用于正面 / 贬义语境
15.object to sth.
出处：A lot of people object to mobile phones
释义：反对；反感；不赞成
解析：to 是介词，后接名词 / 动名词，不能接原形
16.at maximum volume
出处：played at maximum volume
释义：以最大音量
解析：描述声音、媒体、公共场所场景专用
17.turn out to be...
出处：It turned out to be snoring
释义：结果原来是；事实证明是
解析：叙事、观点揭示类万能句型
18.in one’s mid-thirties / in one’s sixties
出处：men in their mid-thirties /in their sixties
释义：三十五六岁 / 六十多岁
解析：年龄表达高级固定说法，写作口语通用
19.rise to + 数字 / 比例
出处：This figure rises to a staggering 60%
释义：上升至；攀升到
解析：图表作文数据上升核心搭配
20.against these figures
出处：Against these figures...
释义：相比之下；对照这些数据来看
解析：图表作文、对比论证过渡专用
三、拓展高频搭配
1. 环境 & 污染类拓展搭配
·environmental pollution 环境污染
·air/noise/water pollution 空气 / 噪音 / 水污染
·pose a threat to... 对……构成威胁
·cause severe damage to 对……造成严重破坏
·ecological balance 生态平衡
·disposable products 一次性产品
·renewable resources 可再生资源
·waste disposal 垃圾处理
2. 数量 & 程度类拓展搭配
·a staggering number of 数量惊人的
·an increasing volume of 越来越多的……
·overwhelm the environment 压垮环境
·ever-increasing demand 不断增长的需求
·to a large extent 在很大程度上
3. 观点 & 行为类拓展搭配
·raise public awareness 提高公众意识
·take effective measures 采取有效措施
·cope with challenges 应对挑战（=deal with）
·be opposed to doing sth. 反对做某事（=object to）
·interrupt daily life 扰乱日常生活
4. 年龄 & 数据表达拓展
·in one’s early twenties 二十出头
·in one’s late forties 四十多岁末期
·account for 占据（比例）
·increase sharply 急剧上升
·decline slightly 小幅下降
5. 高级同义替换（写作升级专用）
·think about → reflect on / ponder over
·deal with → tackle / address
·cause → trigger / lead to / result in
·many → a host of / numerous
·very big → staggering / substantial / considerable
长难句分析：
长难句 1
When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it, burn it, turn it into something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it.
1. 语法结构拆解
- 状语从句：When you come to think about it（时间状语从句）
- 主句核心：there are only four ways（there be 句型）
- 定语从句 1：(that/which) you can deal with rubbish修饰 four ways，关系代词作宾语可省略
- 冒号后：4 个动词原形并列，作four ways 的同位解释
- 内嵌定语从句 2：(that) you can use again修饰 something，同样省略关系代词
2. 学习注意要点
- 先行词为way时，定语从句关系代词 that/which 常省略，是高频考点；
- 冒号后并列结构要句式平行，统一用动词原形，不能混搭不定式；
- come to do 表「渐渐、回过头来做某事」，不是「来做」；
- deal with 固定搭配，不要错用 do with。
3. 易错坑点
- 不要乱加关系代词；way 后直接接从句最地道；
- 并列四个方式不能有的加 to、有的不加，必须结构一致。
长难句 2
We keep trying all four methods, but the sheer volume of rubbish we produce worldwide threatens to overwhelm us.
1. 语法结构拆解
- 并列句：but 连接两个分句
- 分句 1：We keep trying all four methods 主谓宾
- 分句 2 主干：the sheer volume threatens to overwhelm us
- 定语从句：(that) we produce worldwide修饰 rubbish，省略关系代词
2. 学习注意要点
- 主语是volume（单数），所以谓语用threatens，不是 threaten；
- keep doing 固定用法，后接动名词，不能接 to do；
- sheer 是形容词后置修饰名词，表「庞大的、纯粹的」；
- threaten to do 固定结构：预示 / 有…… 危险。
3. 易错坑点
极易看错主语，把 rubbish 当成主语而误用谓语复数，真正主语是 volume。
长难句 3
And if you think you’ll abandon meat and become a vegetarian, you have the choice of very expensive organically-grown vegetables or a steady diet of pesticides every time you think you’re eating fresh salads and vegetables, or just having an innocent glass of water!
1. 语法结构拆解
- 外层：if 引导条件状语从句
- 条件从句内部：you think + 宾语从句（you’ll abandon...）
- 主句：you have the choice of A or B
- every time 引导时间状语从句：every time you think...
- 时间从句内部又套宾语从句：you’re eating... or having...
- 并列结构：eating... or having... 保持平行
2. 学习注意要点
- 多重从句嵌套：条件从句 + 宾语从句 + 时间状语从句 + 再套宾语从句，英文典型层层嵌套；
- every time 直接连词化，引导时间状语从句，等于 whenever；
- have the choice of A or B 固定介词搭配；
- 并列非谓语 eating /having 形式必须一致。
3. 易错坑点
- 从句一多容易找不到主句，先抓：if... , you have the choice...就是主干；
- 不要把 every time 当成普通名词，它可以直接引导从句。
长难句 4
However, there is an even more insidious kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.
1. 语法结构拆解
- there be 句型主干：there is an even more insidious kind of pollution
- 定语从句：that affects... and invades...修饰 pollution
- 从句内并列谓语：affects 和 invades 共用关系代词 that
- 后半句 and that is noise 补充说明主句
2. 学习注意要点
- 定语从句关系代词that 作主语，绝对不能省略；
- 从句两个谓语共用一个主语 that，要主谓一致；
- 比较级 even more insidious：even 可修饰比较级加强语气。
3. 易错坑点
主语从句作主语时千万别省 that，省了句子结构直接崩坏。
长难句 5
A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed (surprisingly?) that dogs barking incessantly in the night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from 1 to 7.
1. 语法结构拆解
- 主句主干：A recent survey revealed that...
- that 引导宾语从句作 reveal 的宾语
- 宾语从句主干：dogs rated the highest form of noise pollution
- barking incessantly 现在分词作后置定语修饰 dogs
- ranging from 1 to 7 现在分词后置定语修饰 scale
2. 学习注意要点
- 现在分词作后置定语：表主动、正在进行；
- reveal that 经典书面语宾语从句结构；
- on a scale ranging from... 图表作文万能分词结构；
- 插入语 (surprisingly?) 割裂句子，阅读时先跳过抓主干。
3. 易错坑点
把 barking 当成谓语错误，真正谓语是 rated；分词只是定语，不是谓语。
长难句 6
Lawn mowers whining on a summer’s day, late-night parties in apartment blocks, noisy neighbours, vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet villages, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume.
1. 语法结构拆解
- 整句无主句、无谓语，是一串并列名词短语，承接上文省略 The survey revealed...
- 多处分词后置定语：
- whining /thundering/flying → 现在分词，主动
- carried /played → 过去分词，被动
2. 学习注意要点
- 英文常承前省略主谓，只用名词短语列举；
- 现在分词 vs 过去分词定语区分：
主动用 doing，被动用 done；
- especially 引出举例，插入并列结构中。
3. 易错坑点
误以为这是完整句子，其实只是名词罗列，没有谓语动词。
长难句 7
Against these figures, it was found that only 5% of women snore regularly, while the rest are constantly woken or kept awake by their trumpeting partners.
1. 语法结构拆解
- 状语：Against these figures 介词短语作对比状语
- 形式主语句型：it was found that + 真正主语从句
- while 引导对比状语从句，表「而」
- 从句内被动语态：are woken or kept awake by... 并列被动
2. 学习注意要点
- It was found / It was revealed / It seems that 都是书面形式主语万能句型；
- while 表前后数据对比，写作高分过渡；
- 被动语态并列结构：are woken or kept awake 形式对称。
3. 易错坑点
while 不要翻译成「当…… 时候」，此处是对比逻辑。
长难句 8
Whatever the source of noise, one thing is certain: silence, it seems, has become a golden memory.
1. 语法结构拆解
- Whatever 引导让步状语从句省略句 = Whatever the source of noise is
- 主句：one thing is certain
- 冒号后解释说明：silence has become a golden memory
- it seems 插入语，割裂主谓
2. 学习注意要点
- whatever 让步从句常省略系动词 is，是经典省略结构；
- 插入语 it seems 可放在句中，前后逗号隔开；
- 冒号用于对前面整句内容进行解释、总结。
3. 易错坑点
不要补全成 Whatever is the source，正确语序是 Whatever the source of noise (is)。
句型分析：
句式 1
课文原句
Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over-industrialized planet.
句型框架
A is the price we pay for B.
套用替换
A = 某种负面影响 / 问题；B = 某种社会发展 / 生活方式 / 过度行为
仿写示例
Stress is the price we pay for a fast-paced modern lifestyle.
例句翻译
压力是我们为快节奏的现代生活方式所付出的代价。
句式 2
课文原句
When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish.
句型框架
When you come to think about it, there are only several ways you can deal with + 问题名词.
套用替换
后半句可改：only three /many ways；deal with 可换成 tackle /address
仿写示例
When you come to think about it, there are only three effective ways you can deal with social pressure.
例句翻译
仔细想来，应对社会压力其实只有三种有效的方式。
句式 3
课文原句
The need to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food leads to a different kind of pollution.
句型框架
The need to do ever-increasing sth. leads to a different kind of social problem.
套用替换
ever-increasing 可换：growing /rising；leads to 换：results in /gives rise to
仿写示例
The need to pursue ever-increasing material comfort leads to a different kind of mental anxiety.
例句翻译
人们追求日益增长的物质享受，引发了另一种精神层面的焦虑。
句式 4
课文原句
There is an even more insidious kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas and invades our daily lives.
句型框架
There is an even more serious kind of 社会问题 that particularly affects 群体 and invades our daily lives.
套用替换
insidious 换：serious /worrying；affects 后可换 young people /students 等
仿写示例
There is an even more worrying kind of network addiction that particularly affects teenagers and invades our daily lives.
例句翻译
有一种更令人担忧的网络沉迷问题，尤其影响青少年，且侵入了我们的日常生活。
句式 5
课文原句
Whatever the source of noise, one thing is certain: silence has become a golden memory.
句型框架
Whatever the source of 某问题，one thing is certain: 某种美好事物 has become a golden memory.
套用替换
source of 后可接：pressure /stress/conflict；后半句自由改写现状
仿写示例
Whatever the source of pressure, one thing is certain: inner peace has become a golden memory.
例句翻译
无论压力源自何处，有一点毋庸置疑：内心的宁静已然成了一种珍贵的回忆。
