[1] Schilder H. Cleaning and shaping the root canal. Dent Clin North Am 1974;18:269-296.
[2]Buchanan LS. Management of the curved root canal: predictably treating the most common endodontic complexity. J Calif Dent Assoc. 1989;17:40–5.
[3] Cailleteau JG, Mullaney TP. Prevalence of teaching apical patency and various instrumentation and obturation techniques in United States dental schools. J Endod. 1997 Jun;23(6):394-6.
[4] Do T, Yang M, Kim JR. Prevalence of Teaching Apical Patency and Various Instrumentation and Obturation Techniques in United States Dental Schools: Two Decades Later. J Endod. 2023;49(9):1099-1105.
[5] 樊明文,周学东.牙体牙髓病学[J].人民卫生出版社, 2008.
[6] Ricucci D, Langeland K. Apical limit of root canal instrumentation and obturation. Part 1. Literature review. Int Endod J 1998;31:384-393.
[7] Velvart P, Sigurdsson A. Root canal instrumentation with a patency technique. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1999; 11:947-952.
[8] Ruddle CJ. Cleaning and shaping the root canal system. In: Cohen S, Burns R (ed.). Pathways of the Pulp, ed 8. St. Louis: Mosby, 2002:244-277.
[9] Machado R, de Souza Júnior C, Nascimento J, et al. Analysis of obtaining apical patency indexes during endodontic treatments considering gender, age, pulpoperiradicular diagnosis and canal/tooth-A clinical study. Aust Endod J. 2023;49 Suppl 1:323-329.
[10] Tay FR, Gu LS, Schoeffel GJ, et al. Effect of vapor lock on root canal debridement by using a side-vented needle for positive-pressure irrigant delivery. J Endod 2010;36: 745–50
[11] Vera J, Arias A, Romero M. Dynamic movement of intracanal gas bubbles during cleaning and shaping procedures: the effect of maintaining apical patency on their presence in the middle and cervical thirds of human root canals-an in vivo study. J Endod. 2012;38(2):200-203.
[12] Vera J, Arias A, Romero M. Effect of maintaining apical patency on irrigant penetration into the apical third of root canals when using passive ultrasonic irrigation: an in vivo study. J Endod. 2011;37(9):1276-1278.
[13] Gimlin DR, Parr CH, Aguirre-Ramirez G. The effect of apical foramen patency on condensation stresses. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1986 Dec;2(6):252-5.
[14] Goldberg F, Massone EJ. Patency file and apical transportation: an in vitro study. J Endod. 2002 Jul;28(7):510-1.
[15]Abdelsalam N, Hashem N. Impact of Apical Patency on Accuracy of Electronic Apex Locators: In Vitro Study. J Endod. 2020 Apr;46(4):509-514.
[16] Cathro P R, Love R M. The effect of apical patency on working length maintenance during canal preparation [J]. Int Endod J,2002,35 (2):142-147.
[17] Hülsmann M, Schäfer E. Apical patency: fact and fiction–a myth or a must? A contribution to the discussion. Endod Pract Today. 2009; 3(4):285-307.
[18] Shubham S, Nepal M, Mishra R, et al. Influence of maintaining apical patency in post-endodontic pain. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):284.
[19] Abdulrab S, Rodrigues JC, Al-Maweri SA,et al. Effect of Apical Patency on Postoperative Pain: A Meta-analysis. J Endod. 2018;44(10):1467-1473.
[20] Abdelsalam N, Hashem N. Impact of Apical Patency on Accuracy of Electronic Apex Locators: In Vitro Study. J Endod. 2020 Apr;46(4):509-514.
[21]Shubham S, Nepal M, Mishra R, et al. Influence of maintaining apical patency in post-endodontic pain. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):284.
[22] Abdulrab S, Rodrigues JC, Al-Maweri SA,et al. Effect of Apical Patency on Postoperative Pain: A Meta-analysis. J Endod. 2018;44(10):1467-1473.
[23] Xiqian L, Ying Z, Mian M. The effect of apical patency on postoperative pain following endodontic therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Oral Sci. 2024 Jun;132(3):e12986.
[24]Arora M, Sangwan P, Tewari S, et al. Effect of maintaining apical patency on endodontic pain in posterior teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial. Int Endod J. 2016 Apr;49(4):317-24.
[25] Alí A, Olivieri JG, Duran-Sindreu F, et al. Influence of preoperative pain intensity on postoperative pain after root canal treatment: A prospective clinical study. J Dent. 2016 Feb;45:39-42.
[26] Shaheen NA, Elhelbawy NG, Sherif DA. Quantitative Assessment of Apically Extruded Debris after Single-Files Supplemental Retreatment considering Apical Patency Influence: In Vitro Study. Int J Biomater. 2022;2022:7544813.