Lesson 7 Bats
课文：
1.Not all sounds made by animals serve as language.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 (Not all sounds) + 后置定语 (made by animals) + 谓语 (serve as) + 宾语 (language)
·语法要点：①Not all为部分否定，意为“并非所有”；②made by animals是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 sounds；③serve as固定搭配，表“充当、用作”。
·释义：动物发出的声音不都是用作语言交际。
2.and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 定语从句）
·核心结构：主句 (we have only to turn to...to see a case) + 定语从句 (in which the voice plays...)
·语法要点：①have only to do表“只需做某事”；②turn to意为“求助于、查阅、看一看”；③in which引导定语从句，修饰 case，相当于 where；④play a...role固定搭配，表“起…… 作用”。
·释义：我们只要看一看蝙蝠回声定位这一极不寻常的发现，就可以探究一下声音在什么情况下有绝对的实用价值。
3.To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions.
·句子类型：简单句（不定式作目的状语）
·核心结构：目的状语 (To get...) + 主句 (we must turn first to...)
·语法要点：①句首To get...不定式作目的状语；②what this means是宾语从句，作 of 的宾语；③turn to此处表“回顾、关注”。
·释义：要透彻理解这句话的意义，我们应先回顾一下人类最近的几项发明。
4.Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.
·句子类型：复合句（宾语从句 + 条件状语从句）
·核心结构：主句 (Everyone knows) + 宾语从句 (that if..., an echo will come back)
·语法要点：① that 引导宾语从句；②宾语从句中含if引导的条件状语从句，遵循主将从现；③in the vicinity of固定搭配，表“在…… 附近”。
·释义：大家都知道，在墙壁或山腰附近发出喊声，就会听到回声。
5.The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.
·句子类型：特殊句型（比较级状语从句）
·核心结构：The + 比较级..., the + 比较级...（越…… 越……）
·语法要点：①固定句型The further off..., the longer...；②off为副词，表“远离”；③elapse为不及物动词，表“（时间）流逝”。
·释义：固体障碍物越远，回声返回所用时间就越长。
6.A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated.
·句子类型：并列复合句（被动语态 + 方式状语）
·核心结构：分句 1 (A sound...will be reflected) + 分句 2 (by measuring..., the depth...can be calculated)
·语法要点：①made by tapping...过去分词作定语；②两处均为被动语态，强调动作承受者；③by measuring介词短语作方式状语。
·释义：敲打船体所发出的声音会从海底传回来，测出回声间隔的时间，便可算出该处海洋的深度。
7.So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.
·句子类型：倒装句（全部倒装）
·核心结构：So + 系动词 + 主语 + 表语
·语法要点：①So置于句首引起全部倒装，正常语序：The echo-sounding apparatus was born so；②now in general use形容词短语作后置定语；③in general use固定搭配，表“普遍使用”。
·释义：这样就产生了目前各种船舶上普遍应用的回声探测仪。
8.Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.
·句子类型：简单句（现在分词作伴随状语）
·核心结构：主语 (Every solid object) + 谓语 (will reflect) + 宾语 (a sound) + 伴随状语 (varying...)
·语法要点：①varying现在分词作伴随状语，表主动；②according to固定搭配，表“根据”。
·释义：任何固体都反射声音，反射的声音因物体的大小和性质的不同而不同。
9.A shoal of fish will do this.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 (A shoal of fish) + 谓语 (will do) + 宾语 (this)
·语法要点：①a shoal of固定量词短语，表“一群（鱼）”；②this指代前文“反射声音”。
·释义：鱼群也反射声音。
10.So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish.
·句子类型：简单句（主系表结构）
·核心结构：it is + 名词 + from...to...
·语法要点：①it作形式主语，真正主语为后面的from...to...结构；②comparatively副词修饰形容词 simple；③from...to...连接两个动名词。
·释义：从测定海深到测定鱼群，这一进展比较容易。
11.With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.
·句子类型：复合句（形式主语 + 宾语从句）
·核心结构：it is possible to do...not only...but also...
·语法要点：①it作形式主语，真正主语为to locate...but to tell...；②not only...but (also)...并列结构；③if引导宾语从句，表“是否”；④by the pattern of表“通过…… 模式”。
·释义：借助经验和改进了的仪器，不仅能够确定鱼群的位置，而且可以根据鱼群回声的特点分辨出是鲱鱼、鳕鱼，这是人们所熟悉的其他鱼。
12.It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles--or locate flying insects on which they feed.
·句子类型：复合句（主语从句 + 定语从句）
·核心结构：It has been found that... + 定语从句 (on which they feed)
·语法要点：①It作形式主语，that 引导主语从句；②steer clear of固定搭配，表“避开、绕开”；③on which引导定语从句，修饰 insects，feed on表“以…… 为食”。
·释义：人们发现，某些蝙蝠能发出尖叫声，并能通过回声来确定并躲开障碍物，或找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。
13.This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.
·句子类型：复合句（非限制性定语从句）
·核心结构：主句 (This echo-location...is often compared with radar) + 定语从句 (the principle of which...)
·语法要点：①be compared with固定搭配，表“与…… 相比较”；②the principle of which引导非限制性定语从句，which 指代 radar。
·释义：蝙蝠的这种回声定位常常可与雷达相比较，其原理是相似的。
词汇：
一、核心词汇
1.echo-location /ˈekəʊ ləʊˈkeɪʃn/n. 回声定位
o课文核心：蝙蝠与声呐、雷达的核心原理
o搭配：echo-location in bats 蝙蝠的回声定位
2.utilitarian /ˌjuːtɪlɪˈteəriən/adj. 实用的；功利的
o课文释义：实用价值的
o搭配：a strictly utilitarian role 绝对实用的作用
3.appreciation /əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn/n. 理解；领会；欣赏
o课文释义：透彻理解
o搭配：a full appreciation 充分理解
4.vicinity /vəˈsɪnəti/n. 附近；邻近地区
o搭配：in the vicinity of 在…… 附近
5.elapse /ɪˈlæps/v.（时间）消逝；流逝
o用法：主语常为 time，不及物动词
6.obstruction /əbˈstrʌkʃn/n. 障碍物；阻塞
o搭配：solid obstruction 固体障碍物
7.interval /ˈɪntəvl/n. 间隔；间隙
o搭配：time interval 时间间隔
8.apparatus /ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/n. 仪器；装置；设备
o搭配：echo-sounding apparatus 回声探测仪
9.shoal /ʃəʊl/n. 鱼群；浅滩
o搭配：a shoal of fish 一群鱼
10.emit /iˈmɪt/v. 发出；放射（声音、光、热）
o搭配：emit squeaks 发出尖叫声
11.squeak /skwiːk/n. 尖叫声；短促的尖声
12.steer /stɪə(r)/v. 驾驶；引导；避开
o搭配：steer clear of 避开；绕开
13.obstacle /ˈɒbstəkl/n. 障碍；障碍物
14.principle /ˈprɪnsəpl/n. 原理；原则
o搭配：the principle of radar 雷达原理
二、高级固定搭配（课文必背 + 语法功能）
1.serve as充当；用作；起…… 作用
o用法：后接名词，主动表功能
o例句：Not all sounds made by animals serve as language.
2.turn to求助于；查阅；回顾；关注
o用法：多义短语，课文表“回顾 / 探究”
o例句：we must turn first to some recent human inventions.
3.in the vicinity of在…… 附近（= near）
o用法：书面高级短语，替换 near
4.the + 比较级…, the + 比较级…越……，就越……
o用法：固定比较句型，常省略谓语
o例句：The further off…, the longer time will elapse…
5.steer clear of避开；绕开；躲避
o用法：固定动词短语，书面高级表达
6.feed on以…… 为食；靠…… 生存
o用法：后接食物名词，用于动物
7.be compared with与…… 相比较
o用法：被动结构，表对比关系
8.play a…role起…… 作用；扮演…… 角色
o用法：中间加形容词，表作用性质
9.not only… but (also)…不仅…… 而且……
o用法：连接并列结构，可倒装
10.It has been found that…人们发现……
o用法：形式主语结构，客观陈述科学发现
三、拓展高频搭配（同类主题通用 + 写作加分）
1. 声音与反射类
·reflect a sound 反射声音
·the return of the echo 回声返回
·the pattern of echo 回声模式
2. 探测与定位类
·locate obstacles 定位障碍物
·locate flying insects 定位飞虫
·locate a shoal of fish 定位鱼群
·calculate the depth 计算深度
·echo-sounding 回声探测
3. 动物行为类
·make sounds 发出声音
·receive echoes 接收回声
·flying insects 飞虫
4. 科技原理类
·similar principle 相似原理
·human inventions 人类发明
·solid object 固体物体
句型
句式 1：部分否定 + 举例论证（开头 / 举例万能）
课文原句
Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echolocation in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
套用句型
Not all A made by B serve as C, and we have only to turn to D to see a case in which E plays a F role.
替换关键词
A = 事物；B = 主体；C = 功能；D = 典型例子；E = 核心要素；F = 形容词（important/practical/great）
作文示范句
Not all technologies created by humans serve as convenience, and we have only to turn to artificial intelligence to see a case in which innovation plays a truly vital role.
翻译
并非人类创造的所有技术都能带来便利，我们只需看看人工智能，就能发现一个创新发挥真正关键作用的例子。
句式 2：目的状语 + 引出背景（开头 / 过渡万能）
课文原句
To get a full appreciation of what this means, we must turn first to some recent human inventions.
套用句型
To get a full appreciation of what A means, we must turn first to B.
替换关键词
A = 主题 / 概念；B = 背景 / 基础 / 前人研究
作文示范句
To get a full appreciation of what environmental protection means, we must turn first to the lessons from nature.
翻译
要充分理解环保的意义，我们必须先看看来自大自然的教训。
句式 3：越… 越…（对比 / 说理万能）
课文原句
The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.
套用句型
The + 比较级 + A, the + 比较级 + B.
替换关键词
A = 条件；B = 结果
作文示范句
The harder you work at your lessons, the better grades you will get in exams.
翻译
你在功课上越努力，考试就会取得越好的成绩。
句式 4：形式主语 + 不仅… 而且…（说明功能 / 优势万能）
课文原句
With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other wellknown fish, by the pattern of its echo.
套用句型
With A and with B, it is now possible not only to C but to D by E.
替换关键词
A = 条件 1；B = 条件 2；C = 功能 1；D = 功能 2；E = 方式 / 依据
作文示范句
With proper training and with enough practice, it is now possible not only to speak English fluently but to express ideas clearly by using daily expressions.
翻译
通过恰当的训练和足够的练习，我们现在不仅能流利说英语，还能借助日常表达清晰地阐述观点。
句式 5：科学发现 + 定语从句（客观论述 / 总结万能）
课文原句
It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes, they can locate and steer clear of obstacles—or locate flying insects on which they feed.
套用句型
It has been found that A do B and by C, they can D—or E on which they F.
替换关键词
A = 主体；B = 动作；C = 方式；D = 功能 1；E = 功能 2；F = 动词短语（rely on/depend on/feed on）
作文示范句
It has been found that good learners take notes carefully and by reviewing them regularly, they can memorize knowledge better—or grasp key points on which they rely most.
翻译
研究发现，优秀的学习者会认真记笔记，并且通过定期复习，他们能更好地记忆知识，或是掌握他们最依赖的重点内容。
