Lesson 18 Porpoises

课文:
1. There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.
·句子类型:复合句(There be 句型 + 同位语从句 + 并列谓语结构)
·核心结构:There has long been + 主语 (a superstition) + 后置定语 (among mariners) + 同位语从句 (that…)
·语法要点:
①There has long been = There has been for a long time,现在完成时,强调 “长期以来一直存在”。
②among mariners介词短语作后置定语,修饰superstition。
③that 引导同位语从句,解释 superstition 具体内容,that 只起连接作用,不作成分,不可省略。
④从句中save… or protect…为并列谓语,共用主语 porpoises。
⑤by pushing… / by surrounding…介词by + 动名词作方式状语,表 “通过…… 行为”。
⑥protect sb from sth固定搭配,意为 “保护某人免受某物伤害”。
⑦drowning现在分词作定语,意为 “溺水的、快要淹死的”。
⑧in defensive formation介词短语作状语,意为 “以防御队形”。
·释义:长期以来,海员中一直流传着一种迷信说法:海豚会把溺水者推到水面上救他们,或者围成防御队形保护人们免受鲨鱼袭击。
2. Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that, however intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of life-saving.
·句子类型:复合句(主句 + 宾语从句 + 让步状语从句 + 形式主语结构)
·核心结构:主句 (biologists have pointed out) + 宾语从句 (that…it is a mistake to…) + 让步状语从句 (however intelligent…)
·语法要点:
①have pointed out现在完成时,强调 “已经指出”。
②however intelligent they may be = no matter how intelligent they may be,however + 形容词引导让步状语从句。
③it is a mistake to do sth形式主语结构,it 为形式主语,真正主语是后面的to credit…。
④credit sb with sth固定搭配,意为 “认为某人具有……(品质 / 动机)”。
⑤life-saving复合名词,意为 “救生、救人”。
·释义:海洋研究室的生物学家指出,无论海豚多么聪明,认为它们有救人的动机很可能是错误的。
3. On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship.
·句子类型:复合句(时间状语 + 定语从句 + 方式状语)
·核心结构:On the occasions + 定语从句 (when…) + 主句 (they have…done it) + 方式状语 (as in…)
·语法要点:
①On the occasions介词短语作时间状语,意为 “在那些时候、在某些场合”。
②when 引导定语从句,修饰先行词 occasions,在从句中作时间状语。
③push to shore sb = push sb to shore,因宾语过长后置,意为 “把…… 推上岸”。
④unconscious形容词作定语,意为 “失去意识的、昏迷的”。
⑤have much more likely done很可能已经做了,much 修饰比较级。
⑥out of curiosity出于好奇;for sport为了好玩、为了嬉戏,均作原因状语。
⑦as in doing sth方式状语,意为 “就像在做…… 时一样”。
⑧riding the bow waves追逐船首浪。
·释义:当它们偶尔把失去意识的人推上岸时,更大的可能是出于好奇或嬉戏,就像它们追逐船首浪一样。
4. In 1928 some porpoises were photographed working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress.
·句子类型:简单句(被动语态 + 现在分词作主语补足语 + 不定式作目的状语)
·核心结构:主语 (some porpoises) + 被动谓语 (were photographed) + 补足语 (working…) + 目的状语 (to push…)
·语法要点:
①were photographed doing被动结构,意为 “被拍到正在做某事”,doing 表主动、进行。
②like beavers介词短语作方式状语,意为 “像海狸一样”。
③to push ashore…不定式作目的状语。
④waterlogged形容词作定语,意为 “浸透水的、湿透的”。
·释义:1928 年,有人拍到海豚像海狸一样,把一张浸透水的床垫推上了岸。
5. If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks.
·句子类型:复合句(条件状语从句 + 非限制性定语从句 + 并列表语从句)
·核心结构:If 条件从句 + 插入语 (as has been reported) + 主句 (it may have been because… and because…)
·语法要点:
①as has been reported非限制性定语从句,as 指代后面整句内容,意为 “正如报道的那样”。
②If 引导条件状语从句,用现在完成时强调动作已发生。
③it may have been对过去情况的推测,意为“那很可能是”。
④两个because 从句并列表语,共同解释原因。
⑤the scent of a possible meal意为 “一顿美餐的气味”。
·释义:如果像报道所说,它们曾保护人类免受鲨鱼伤害,那可能是因为好奇吸引了海豚,而一顿美餐的气味吸引了鲨鱼。
6. Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies.
·句子类型:简单句(主系表结构)
·核心结构:主语 (Porpoises and sharks) + 系动词 (are) + 表语 (natural enemies)
·语法要点:
①natural enemies固定搭配,意为 “天敌、天然仇敌”。
②并列名词作主语,谓语用复数。
·释义:海豚和鲨鱼是天然的仇敌。
7. It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.
·句子类型:复合句(主语从句 + with 复合结构作伴随状语)
·核心结构:形式主语 (It) + 系表 (is possible) + 主语从句 (that a battle ensued) + with 复合结构
·语法要点:
①It is possible that…真正主语为 that 从句,it 为形式主语。
②upon such an occasion = on such an occasion,意为 “在这种情况下”。
③ensue不及物动词,意为 “接着发生、随之而来”。
④with + 宾语 + being done独立主格结构,表伴随结果,being done 表被动。
⑤being driven away or killed被动,意为 “被赶走或被杀死”。
·释义:在这种情况下,很可能随即爆发搏斗,鲨鱼会被赶走或杀死。
8. Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive.
·句子类型:复合句(让步状语从句 + 定语从句)
·核心结构:Whether it be… 让步从句 + 主句 (the porpoise is intrigued…) + 定语从句 (that is alive)
·语法要点:
①Whether it be A, B or C虚拟语气,表全面让步,意为 “无论…… 还是……”。
②be intrigued with / by固定搭配,意为 “对…… 感兴趣、被…… 吸引”。
③anything that is alive = anything alive,that 引导定语从句修饰不定代词 anything。
·释义:无论是鸟、鱼还是野兽,海豚对一切有生命的东西都感兴趣。
9. They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities.
·句子类型:复合句(主句 + 非限制性定语从句)
·核心结构:主句 (They are after the turtles) + 非限制性定语从句 (who…)
·语法要点:
①are constantly after固定搭配,意为 “总是追逐、纠缠”,constantly 副词作状语。
②who 引导非限制性定语从句,指代 turtles,补充说明,逗号隔开,不可省略。
③submit to固定搭配,意为 “屈服、忍受、顺从”。
④all sorts of各种各样的;indignities侮辱、无礼对待(此处指被戏弄)。
·释义:它们总是追逐海龟,而海龟则温顺地忍受着各种戏弄。
10. One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout, and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane.
·句子类型:简单句(主谓宾结构 + 并列动名词作宾语)
·核心结构:主语 (One young calf) + 谓语 (enjoyed) + 并列宾语 (raising… and shoving…)
·语法要点:
①young calf幼崽,此处指小海豚。
②enjoy doing sth固定用法,enjoy 后只接动名词作宾语。
③raising… and shoving…并列动名词,共用 enjoyed。
④to the surface到水面;with his snout用它的口鼻。
⑤across the tank穿过水池;like an aquaplane像滑水板一样,方式状语。
·释义:有一只小海豚特别喜欢用鼻子把海龟顶到水面,然后像推滑水板一样把它推过水池。
11. Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over bysticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life.
·句子类型:简单句(被动语态 + 现在分词作补足语 + 并列方式状语)
·核心结构:主语 (a young porpoise) + 被动谓语 (may be seen) + 补足语 (trying to…) + 方式状语 (by sticking… and pushing…)
·语法要点:
①may be seen doing被动结构,意为 “可能被看到正在做某事”。
②try to do sth尽力做某事;turn… over把…… 翻转。
③300-pound复合形容词作定语,用连字符,名词用单数。
④by sticking… and pushing… by + 并列动名词,作方式状语。
⑤under the edge of his shell在龟壳边缘下方。
⑥for dear life固定短语,意为 “拼命地、竭尽全力地”。
·释义:几乎每天都能看到一只小海豚把鼻子伸进300 磅重的海龟壳下,拼命把它翻过来。
12. This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together.
·句子类型:并列简单句
·核心结构:分句 1 (This is not easy) + 并列连词 (and) + 分句 2 (may require…)
·语法要点:
①this指代上一句 “把海龟翻过来” 这件事。
②require sb doing sth需要某人做某事,working together现在分词作宾语补足语。
·释义:这并不容易,可能需要两只海豚一起合作。
13. In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium, the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly.
·句子类型:复合句(时间状语从句 + 并列谓语)
·核心结构:as 时间状语从句 + 主句 (the first porpoise swoops… and butts…)
·语法要点:
①as引导时间状语从句,意为 “当…… 时候”,强调主从句动作同时发生。
②swims across the oceanarium游过水族馆。
③swoops down and butts并列谓语,共用主语 the first porpoise。
④swoop down猛扑下来;from above从上方。
⑤butt… with…用…… 撞击……;belly腹部。
·释义:在另一场游戏中,当海龟游过水族馆时,第一只海豚从上方猛扑下来,用腹部撞击龟壳。
14. This knocks the turtle down several feet.
·句子类型:简单句(主谓宾 + 宾语补足语)
·核心结构:主语 (This) + 谓语 (knocks) + 宾语 (the turtle) + 宾补 (down several feet)
·语法要点:
①this指代上一句 “用腹部撞击龟壳”。
②knock sb down把…… 撞倒、撞下去。
③several feet表距离,作状语,意为 “好几英尺”。
·释义:这一下把海龟撞下去好几英尺。
15. He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack.
·句子类型:复合句(no sooner… than…固定句型)
·核心结构:No sooner + 主句 (He recovers…) + than + 从句 (the next porpoise comes…)
·语法要点:
①no sooner… than…固定引导时间状语,意为 “一…… 就……”。
②recover one’s equilibrium固定搭配,意为 “恢复平衡”。
③come along出现、过来。
④hit him another crack再猛击一下,crack 此处意为 “重击”。
·释义:海龟刚恢复平衡,第二只海豚就冲过来又猛击它一下。
16. Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank.
·句子类型:简单句(现在完成时被动语态)
·核心结构:主语 (the turtle) + 被动谓语 (has been butted) +地点状语 (all the way down to…)
·语法要点:
①eventually副词作状语,意为 “最终、最后”。
②has been butted现在完成时被动,强调 “一直被撞击” 的结果。
③all the way down to一路被撞到……。
④the floor of the tank水池底部、池底。
·释义:海龟最终被一路撞击到水池底部。
17. He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up, but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat.
·句子类型:并列复合句(转折 + 时间状语从句)
·核心结构:分句 1 (He is satisfied…) + 转折 (but) + as soon as 时间从句 + 主句 (a porpoise knocks…)
·语法要点:
①be satisfied to do sth满足于做某事。
②merely副词,意为 “仅仅、只是”。
③as soon as引导时间状语从句,意为 “一…… 就……”。
④does so替代 stand up,避免重复。
⑤knock flat固定短语,意为 “击倒、打翻、撞平”。
·释义:此时海龟只求能站起来,可它刚一站起来,就被海豚撞翻在地。
18. The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.
·句子类型:并列简单句
·核心结构:分句 1 (The turtle gives up) + 并列 (and) + 分句 2 (the game is over)
·语法要点:
①at last最终、终于。
②give up固定短语,意为 “放弃、屈服、认输”。
③by pulling…介词 by + 动名词作方式状语。
④pull his feet under his shell把四肢缩进壳里。
·释义:海龟终于认输,把四肢缩进壳里,游戏就此结束。
词汇:
一、核心词汇
1.porpoise /ˈpɔːpəs/n. 海豚
o课文搭配:marine porpoises 海洋海豚
2.superstition /ˌsuːpəˈstɪʃn/n. 迷信
o搭配:a superstition among mariners 海员中的迷信
o派生:superstitious adj. 迷信的
3.mariner /ˈmærɪnə(r)/n. 海员,水手
o同义:sailor /seaman
4.drowning /ˈdraʊnɪŋ/adj. 溺水的,快要淹死的
o搭配:drowning men 溺水的人
o派生:drown v. 淹死,淹没
5.defensive /dɪˈfensɪv/adj. 防御性的
o搭配:defensive formation 防御队形
o派生:defend v. 防御;defence n. 防御
6.formation /fɔːˈmeɪʃn/n. 队形;形成
o搭配:in defensive formation 以防御队形
7.intelligent /ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/adj. 聪明的,有智慧的
o派生:intelligence n. 智力,智慧
8.motive /ˈməʊtɪv/n. 动机
o搭配:motive of life-saving 救人的动机
9.unconscious /ʌnˈkɒnʃəs/adj. 失去知觉的,昏迷的
o反义:conscious adj. 有意识的
10.curiosity /ˌkjʊəriˈɒsəti/n. 好奇心
o搭配:out of curiosity 出于好奇
o派生:curious adj. 好奇的
11.bow /bəʊ/n. 船首
o搭配:bow waves 船首浪
12.waterlogged /ˈwɔːtəlɒɡd/adj. 浸透水的,湿透的
o搭配:a waterlogged mattress 浸透水的床垫
13.scent /sent/n. 气味,香味
o搭配:the scent of a meal 食物的气味
14.ensue /ɪnˈsjuː/v. 接着发生,随之而来
o用法:A battle ensued. 随即爆发了搏斗。
15.intrigue /ɪnˈtriːɡ/v. 使感兴趣,迷住
o搭配:be intrigued with sth 对某物感兴趣
16.indignity /ɪnˈdɪɡnəti/n. 侮辱,轻蔑
o搭配:all sorts of indignities 各种侮辱 / 戏弄
17.calf /kɑːf/n. 幼崽(海豚 / 鲸 / 象等)
o复数:calves
18.snout /snaʊt/n. 口鼻部,吻突
19.shove /ʃʌv/v. 推,撞
20.aquaplane /ˈækwəpleɪn/n. 滑水板
21.tank /tæŋk/n. 水池,水槽(水族馆)
22.swoop /swuːp/v. 猛扑,突然下降
23.butt /bʌt/v. 用头 / 腹部撞击
24.equilibrium /ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/n. 平衡
o搭配:recover one’s equilibrium 恢复平衡
25.crack /kræk/n. 重击,猛击
二、高级固定搭配
1.save sb from sth/doing救某人免于……
o例句:Porpoises save drowning men from sharks.
2.protect sb from sth保护某人免受…… 侵害
o例句:They protect humans from sharks.
3.credit sb with sth认为某人有……(品质 / 动机)
o例句:Don’t credit dolphins with life-saving motive.
4.push sb/sth to shore/ashore把…… 推上岸
o例句:They pushed an unconscious man ashore.
5.out of curiosity出于好奇
6.for sport为了玩耍,为了嬉戏
7.ride the bow waves追逐船首浪
8.natural enemies天敌,天然仇敌
9.be intrigued with/by对…… 感兴趣,被…… 吸引
10.submit to sth屈服于,忍受
o例句:Turtles submit to indignities.
11.raise…to the surface把…… 顶到水面
12.turn…over把…… 翻转
13.for dear life拼命地,竭尽全力
14.work together合作,协力
15.swoop down from above从上方猛扑下来
16.butt…with one’s belly用腹部撞击……
17.knock…down把…… 撞倒 / 撞下沉
18.recover one’s equilibrium恢复平衡
19.hit sb another crack再猛击某人一下
20.all the way down to一路被撞到……
21.knock sb flat把某人击倒 / 撞翻
22.give up放弃,屈服,认输
23.pull…under one’s shell把…… 缩进壳里
三、拓展高频搭配
海洋生物类
·marine biologists 海洋生物学家
·marine animals 海洋动物
·oceanarium 水族馆,海洋馆
·sea turtle 海龟
·beaver 海狸
·shark 鲨鱼
行为与动作类
·in defensive formation 以防御队形
·stick one’s snout under… 把口鼻伸入…… 下方
·across the tank 穿过水池
·to the floor of the tank 到水池底部
·come along 出现,过来
抽象表达类
·there has long been…长期以来一直有……
·upon such an occasion 在这种情况下
·no sooner…than… 一…… 就……
·as soon as… 一…… 就……
·as has been reported正如报道的那样
·it is possible that…有可能……
句型:
句式 1:长期存在的普遍观点 / 说法
原句:There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men.
万能结构:There has long been a noun among peoplethat clause(长期以来,在…… 中一直存在一种……)
作文示例:There has long been a common belief among students that reading can broaden our horizons.
翻译:长期以来,学生中普遍存在一种信念:阅读可以拓宽我们的视野。
句式 2:无论…… 都……(高级让步)
原句:However intelligent they may be, it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of life-saving.
万能结构:However adj.sb/sth may be, it is adj./n. to do sth(无论…… 多么……,…… 都是……)
作文示例:However difficult the task may be, it is necessary to keep trying to achieve our goals.
翻译:无论任务多么困难,坚持努力实现目标都是必要的。
句式 3:出于…… 而非……(行为动机)
原句:They have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship.
万能结构:Sb have much more likely done it out of n.rather than n.(某人做某事更可能是出于…… 而非……)
作文示例:Children learn new things much more likely out of interest rather than for pressure.
翻译:孩子们学习新事物,更多是出于兴趣而非压力。
句式 4:无论 A、B 还是 C,都……(全面列举)
原句:Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive.
万能结构:Whether it be A, B or C, sb/sthdoesanything that clause(无论 A、B 还是 C,…… 都对……)
作文示例:Whether it be success, failure or difficulty, we should keep a positive attitude toward life.
翻译:无论成功、失败还是困境,我们都应对生活保持积极态度。
句式 5:一…… 就……(紧凑时间逻辑)
原句:He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack.
万能结构:Sb no sooner does sth than sb else does sth(某人一…… 就……)
作文示例:We no sooner finish one task than new challenges come to us.
翻译:我们刚完成一项任务,新的挑战就随之而来。