【26版英语步步高人教版学习笔记选择性必修第三册Unit 3 同题异文群文阅读

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(选自英语时文阅读)

When global warming finally came，it stuck with a vengeance(异乎寻常地)．In some regions，temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century.Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet，flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland.Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America，Europe and Asia.After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction，people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy.The adaptation was farming：the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.

As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future，earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past and how those changes have transformed human existence.Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet’s environment from hot to cold，wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.

Most importantly，scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species.New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution：from the dawn of primates(灵长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs，from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture.Indeed，the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change，some scientists argue，it has in some instances been driven by it.

The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio.Among other things，the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth.The benign(宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture，writing，cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages.In fact，the pattern or climate change in the past reveals that Earth’s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.

1．What does the earth scientists think about the climate?

A．It is going through a fundamental change.B．It has been getting warmer for 10,000 years.

C．It will eventually change from hot to cold.D．It has gone through periodical changes.

2．What do you know about the human evolution according to the scientists?

A．Human evolution has seldom been accompanied by climatic changes.

B．Human evolution has exerted little influence on climatic changes.

C.Human evolution has largely been affected by climatic changes.

D．Human evolution has had a major impact on climatic changes.

3．What does evidence of past climatic changes indicate?

A．It indicates human activities have accelerated changes of Earth’s environment.

B．It indicates Earth’s environment will remain mild despite human intervention.

C．It indicates Earth’s climate is bound to change significantly in the future.

D．It indicates Earth’s climate is unlikely to undergo huge changes in the future.

B

(选自北师大版选择性必修第一册Unit 3)

Extinctions，where entire species are wiped out，are not unusual in our Earth’s history.In fact，over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct.In the last 500 million years，there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.These include the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”，which killed 90% to 96% of all species.And the fifth event，which occurred 66 million years ago，caused the death of the dinosaurs.The reasons for extinctions are varied.According to scientists，they include volcanic eruptions，asteroids hitting the Earth from space，changes in sea levels，the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction.This time，human activity will be to blame.

Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US，looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes，that is，the “background extinction rate”．They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: air and water pollution，forests being destroyed，factory farming and overfishing.It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants.

If a sixth mass extinction occurs，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.Of course，as we humans depend on so many species for our survival，we would also be at risk of dying out.Our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants.Without forests，we would have no air to breathe，and without clean water we would be unable to survive.

Can a sixth extinction be avoided? Experts say that it is not yet too late，if we take action now.This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live.For example，we need to take steps to save endangered species，including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected.We need to change how we work and travel by using cleaner，more natural sources of energy，such as wind and solar energy.We also need to improve our farming methods to reduce water，air and land pollution.In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.

4．What is one of the reasons for extinction?

A．Sleep of volcano.B．Changes in sea levels.

C．Rise in oxygen.D．Drop in temperature.

5．What are scientists mainly concerned about as to reasons of species death?

A.Ages.B．Ways.

C．Numbers.D．Rates.

6．How can we avoid the sixth extinction?

A．By producing more species.

B．By stopping destroying the planet.

C．By taking action to protect ourselves.

D．By moving to another planet immediately.

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