Lesson 56 Our neighbor, the river 河流，我们的邻居
课文原文：
The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in our lives.
形成我们农场东部边界的这条河，一直在我们的生活中扮演着重要角色。
Without it we could not make a living.
没有它，我们就无法维持生计。
There is only enough spring water to supply the needs of the house, so we have to pump from the river for farm use.
泉水只能满足家庭生活用水，因此我们必须从河里抽水以供农场使用。
We tell the river all our secrets.
我们向这条河倾诉所有秘密。
We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
我们本能地懂得，就像养蜂人和他们的蜜蜂那样，如果不把生活中的重大事件告诉这条河，我们就可能遭遇不幸。
We have special river birthday parties in the summer.
夏天，我们会举办特别的河边生日派对。
Sometimes we go upstream to a favourite backwater, sometimes we have our party at the boathouse, which a predecessor of ours at the farm built in the meadow hard by the deepest pool for swimming and diving.
有时我们会溯流而上，到一处我们喜爱的回水湾去；有时则在船屋举办派对 —— 这船屋是农场的一位前辈建在草地边的，紧挨着最深的水潭，专供游泳和跳水用。
In a heat wave we choose a midnight birthday party and that is the most exciting of all.
热浪来袭时，我们会选择在午夜举办生日派对，那是最令人兴奋的时刻。
We welcome the seasons by the riverside, crowning the youngest girl with flowers in the spring, holding a summer festival on Midsummer Eve, giving thanks for the harvest in the autumn, and throwing a holly wreath into the current in the winter.
我们在河边迎接四季：春天给最年幼的女孩戴上花环，仲夏前夕举办夏日庆典，秋天感恩丰收，冬天则把冬青树枝编成的花圈抛入河中。
After a long period of rain the river may overflow its banks.
长时间降雨之后，河水可能会漫过堤岸。
This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom goes to extremes.
这种情况很少发生，因为我们这里的气候很少走极端。
We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are affected by flooding, but other farms are less favourably sited, and flooding can sometimes spell disaster for their owners.
幸运的是，只有地势较低的农田会受洪水影响 —— 这部分农田在我们农场中占比很小；但其他农场的位置就没这么好了，洪水有时会给它们的主人带来灭顶之灾。
One bad winter we watched the river creep up the lower meadows.
有一年冬天，情况很糟，我们眼看着河水漫过低处的草地。
All the cattle had been moved into stalls and we stood to lose little.
所有的牲口都已被移进棚屋，我们几乎不会有什么损失。
We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours, whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers to the district.
但我们却为最近的邻居担忧：他们的农场地势低洼，而且是刚搬到这里的。
As the floods had put the telephone out of order, we could not find out how they were managing.
洪水冲断了电话，我们无法得知他们的情况。
From an attic window we could get a sweeping view of the river where their land joined ours, and at the most critical juncture we took turns in watching that point.
从阁楼的窗户里，我们可以俯瞰到两农场交界处的河段，在最危急的时刻，我们轮流守在那里观察。
The first sign of disaster was a dead sheep floating down.
灾难的第一个迹象是一只死羊顺流漂了下来。
Next came a horse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the strength of the current would prevent its landing anywhere before it became exhausted.
接着是一匹马，正奋力游着，但我们担心湍急的水流会耗尽它的力气，让它无法靠岸。
Suddenly a raft appeared, looking rather like Noah's ark, carrying the whole family, a few hens, the dogs, a cat, and a bird in a cage.
突然，一只木筏出现了，看起来很像诺亚方舟，上面载着他们全家、几只母鸡、狗、猫，还有一只关在笼子里的鸟。
We realized that they must have become unduly frightened by the rising flood, for their house, which had sound foundations, would have stood stoutly even if it had been almost submerged.
我们意识到，他们一定是被不断上涨的洪水吓坏了，因为他们的房子地基很牢固，即使几乎被淹没，也能稳稳地立住。
The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
我们家的男人们拿着船篙，蹚过被洪水淹没的草地，希望能钩住木筏的一角，把它从急流中拉到我们这边的岸边。
We still think it a miracle that they were able to do so.
直到今天，我们仍觉得他们能做到这一点简直是个奇迹。
课文分析：
1.The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in our lives.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 限制性定语从句）
·核心结构：主语（The river）+定语从句（which forms...farm）+ 谓语（has played）+ 宾语（an important part）+ 状语（in our lives）
·语法要点：
which 引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 The river，在从句中作主语。
现在完成时 has played，表示从过去持续到现在的动作 / 状态，强调对现在的影响。
固定搭配 play an important part in...，意为 “在……中扮演重要角色 / 起重要作用”。
·释义：形成我们农场东部边界的这条河，一直在我们的生活中扮演着重要角色。
2.Without it we could not make a living.
·句子类型：简单句（隐含虚拟语气）
·核心结构：状语（Without it）+主语（we）+谓语（could not make）+宾语（a living）
·语法要点：
Without it 是介词短语作条件状语，相当于虚拟条件句 If there were no river，主句用 could not make 体现虚拟语气。
固定搭配 make a living，意为 “谋生，维持生计”。
·释义：没有它，我们就无法维持生计。
3.There is only enough spring water to supply the needs of the house, so we have to pump from the river for farm use.
·句子类型：并列句（由 so 连接两个分句）
·核心结构：分句 1（There is...water）+ 连词（so）+分句 2（we have to pump...）
·语法要点：
There be 句型表示 “存在有”，enough spring water to supply... 中不定式 to supply 作后置定语，修饰 water。
so 是并列连词，表因果关系，连接两个分句。
固定搭配 have to 表示客观上的 “不得不”；pump from... 意为 “从…… 抽水”。
·释义：泉水只能满足家庭生活用水，因此我们必须从河里抽水以供农场使用。
4.We tell the river all our secrets.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓双宾结构）
·核心结构：主语（We）+谓语（tell）+间接宾语（the river）+直接宾语（all our secrets）
·语法要点：
tell sb. sth. 双宾语结构，其中 sb. 为间接宾语，sth. 为直接宾语。此处将河流拟人化，把秘密 “告诉” 河流。
·释义：我们向这条河倾诉所有秘密。
5.We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 方式状语 + 宾语从句 + 宾语从句内的条件状语从句）
·核心结构：主语（We）+谓语（know）+状语（instinctively, just as...bees）+ 宾语从句（that misfortune might overtake us...）+条件状语从句（if the important events...to it）
·语法要点：
just as beekeepers with their bees 是方式状语，省略了谓语动词，完整形式为 just as beekeepers (know instinctively) with their bees。
that 引导宾语从句，作 know 的宾语。
宾语从句内嵌套 if 引导的条件状语从句，从句用一般过去时 were not related，主句用 might overtake，体现虚拟语气（对现在 / 将来的虚拟）。
固定搭配 be related to... 意为 “与……相关；向…… 讲述”，此处取 “向…… 讲述” 的含义。
·释义：我们本能地懂得，就像养蜂人和他们的蜜蜂那样，如果不把生活中的重大事件告诉这条河，我们就可能遭遇不幸。
6.We have special river birthday parties in the summer.
·句子类型：简单句
·核心结构：主语（We）+谓语（have）+宾语（special river birthday parties）+ 状语（in the summer）
·语法要点：
名词短语 river birthday parties 中，river 作定语修饰 birthday parties，表示 “在河边举办的生日派对”。
·释义：夏天，我们会举办特别的河边生日派对。
7.Sometimes we go upstream to a favourite backwater, sometimes we have our party at the boathouse, which a predecessor of ours at the farm built in the meadow hard by the deepest pool for swimming and diving.
·句子类型：并列复合句（两个并列分句，第二个分句含限制性定语从句）
·核心结构：分句 1（Sometimes we go upstream...backwater）+ 分句 2（sometimes we have our party at the boathouse）+定语从句（which a predecessor...built...）
·语法要点：
两个 sometimes 引导并列分句，描述两种不同的情况。
which 引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 the boathouse，在从句中作 built 的宾语。
hard by 是固定短语，意为 “紧挨着，在…… 近旁”；for swimming and diving 是介词短语作目的状语。
·释义：有时我们会溯流而上，到一处我们喜爱的回水湾去；有时则在船屋举办派对 —— 这船屋是农场的一位前辈建在草地边的，紧挨着最深的水潭，专供游泳和跳水用。
8.In a heat wave we choose a midnight birthday party and that is the most exciting of all.
·句子类型：并列句（由 and 连接两个分句）
·核心结构：分句 1（In a heat wave we choose...party）+ 连词（and）+分句 2（that is the most exciting of all）
·语法要点：
In a heat wave 是介词短语作时间状语，意为 “在热浪来袭时”。
形容词最高级 the most exciting，of all 表示比较范围 “所有情况中”。
·释义：热浪来袭时，我们会选择在午夜举办生日派对，那是最令人兴奋的时刻。
9.We welcome the seasons by the riverside, crowning the youngest girl with flowers in the spring, holding a summer festival on Midsummer Eve, giving thanks for the harvest in the autumn, and throwing a holly wreath into the current in the winter.
·句子类型：简单句（含多个并列的现在分词作伴随状语）
·核心结构：主语（We）+谓语（welcome）+宾语（the seasons）+状语（by the riverside）+ 四个并列的现在分词短语（crowning..., holding..., giving..., throwing...）作伴随状语
·语法要点：
四个现在分词短语并列，作伴随状语，补充说明迎接四季的具体活动。
固定搭配 crown sb. with sth. 意为 “用……为某人加冕 / 戴上”；give thanks for... 意为 “为……感恩”；throw sth. into... 意为 “把…… 抛入……”。
·释义：我们在河边迎接四季：春天给最年幼的女孩戴上花环，仲夏前夕举办夏日庆典，秋天感恩丰收，冬天则把冬青树枝编成的花圈抛入河中。
10.After a long period of rain the river may overflow its banks.
·句子类型：简单句
·核心结构：状语（After a long period of rain）+ 主语（the river）+ 谓语（may overflow）+宾语（its banks）
·语法要点：
After a long period of rain 是介词短语作时间状语。
情态动词 may 表示可能性；overflow its banks 意为 “漫过堤岸”。
·释义：长时间降雨之后，河水可能会漫过堤岸。
11.This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom goes to extremes.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 原因状语从句）
·核心结构：主句（This is a rare occurrence）+ 连词（as）+ 原因状语从句（our climate seldom goes to extremes）
·语法要点：
as 引导原因状语从句，语气比 because 弱，表 “由于，因为”。
固定搭配 go to extremes 意为 “走极端”；a rare occurrence 意为 “罕见的情况 / 事件”。
·释义：这种情况很少发生，因为我们这里的气候很少走极端。
12.We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are affected by flooding, but other farms are less favourably sited, and flooding can sometimes spell disaster for their owners.
·句子类型：并列复合句（含 but 连接的两个并列分句，且第一个分句嵌套 in that 引导的宾语从句和 which 引导的定语从句）
·核心结构：分句 1（We are lucky in that only the lower fields...are affected by flooding）+ 定语从句（which make up...farm）+连词（but）+分句 2（other farms are less favourably sited）+ 连词（and）+分句 3（flooding can sometimes spell disaster...）
·语法要点：
in that 引导宾语从句，作 lucky 的原因说明，意为 “在于，因为”。
which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 the lower fields，在从句中作主语。
make up 意为 “组成，占（比例）”；spell disaster 意为 “意味着灾难，招致灾难”。
less favourably sited 意为 “位置不太有利”，是过去分词作形容词用法。
·释义：幸运的是，只有地势较低的农田会受洪水影响 —— 这部分农田在我们农场中占比很小；但其他农场的位置就没这么好了，洪水有时会给它们的主人带来灭顶之灾。
13.One bad winter we watched the river creep up the lower meadows.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾 + 宾语补足语结构）
·核心结构：状语（One bad winter）+主语（we）+谓语（watched）+宾语（the river）+宾语补足语（creep up the lower meadows）
·语法要点：
watch sb./sth. do sth. 结构中，不带 to 的不定式 creep up 作宾语补足语，表示看到动作的全过程。
creep up 意为 “悄悄蔓延，逐渐上涨”；One bad winter 是名词短语作时间状语，相当于 During one bad winter。
·释义：有一年冬天，情况很糟，我们眼看着河水漫过低处的草地。
14.All the cattle had been moved into stalls and we stood to lose little.
·句子类型：并列句（由 and 连接两个分句）
·核心结构：分句 1（All the cattle had been moved into stalls）+连词（and）+分句 2（we stood to lose little）
·语法要点：
分句 1 用过去完成时的被动语态 had been moved，表示 “被转移” 的动作发生在过去的某个时间点之前。
固定搭配 stand to lose little 意为 “几乎不会有什么损失”，stand to do sth. 表示 “很可能会……”。
·释义：所有的牲口都已被移进棚屋，我们几乎不会有什么损失。
15.We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours, whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers to the district.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 非限制性定语从句）
·核心结构：主句（We were worried about our nearest neighbours）+ 非限制性定语从句（whose farm was low lying and who were newcomers...）
·语法要点：
however 是插入语，表示转折语气。
whose 和 who 引导非限制性定语从句，共同修饰先行词 our nearest neighbors，whose 在从句中作定语修饰 farm，who 在从句中作主语。
low lying 意为 “地势低洼的”；be worried about... 意为 “为……担忧”。
·释义：但我们却为最近的邻居担忧：他们的农场地势低洼，而且是刚搬到这里的。
16.As the floods had put the telephone out of order, we could not find out how they were managing.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 原因状语从句 + 宾语从句）
·核心结构：原因状语从句（As the floods had put the telephone out of order）+ 主句（we could not find out）+ 宾语从句（how they were managing）
·语法要点：
As 引导原因状语从句，表 “由于，因为”。
过去完成时 had put 表示 “洪水导致电话故障” 发生在 “我们无法得知情况” 之前。
how 引导宾语从句，作 find out 的宾语，用陈述语序。
固定搭配 put sth. out of order 意为 “使……出故障，使…… 无法使用”。
·释义：洪水冲断了电话，我们无法得知他们的情况。
17.From an attic window we could get a sweeping view of the river where their land joined ours, and at the most critical juncture we took turns in watching that point.
·句子类型：并列复合句（两个并列分句，第一个分句含限制性定语从句）
·核心结构：分句 1（From an attic window we could get a sweeping view of the river）+ 定语从句（where their land joined ours）+连词（and）+分句 2（at the most critical juncture we took turns in watching that point）
·语法要点：
where 引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 the river，在从句中作地点状语，相当于 at which。
固定搭配 get a sweeping view of... 意为 “俯瞰……，一览无余地看到……”；take turns in doing sth. 意为 “轮流做某事”；at the most critical juncture 意为 “在最危急的时刻”。
·释义：从阁楼的窗户里，我们可以俯瞰到两农场交界处的河段，在最危急的时刻，我们轮流守在那里观察。
18.The first sign of disaster was a dead sheep floating down.
·句子类型：简单句（含现在分词作后置定语）
·核心结构：主语（The first sign of disaster）+ 谓语（was）+ 表语（a dead sheep）+后置定语（floating down）
·语法要点：
现在分词短语 floating down 作后置定语，修饰 a dead sheep，表示 “顺流漂下来的”。
the first sign of disaster 意为 “灾难的第一个迹象”。
·释义：灾难的第一个迹象是一只死羊顺流漂了下来。
19.Next came a horse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the strength of the current would prevent its landing anywhere before it became exhausted.
·句子类型：并列复合句（两个并列分句，第二个分句含宾语从句和时间状语从句）
·核心结构：分句 1（Next came a horse, swimming bravely）+ 连词（but）+分句 2（we were afraid）+ 宾语从句（that the strength of the current would prevent its landing anywhere）+ 时间状语从句（before it became exhausted）
·语法要点：
分句 1 是倒装句，方位副词 Next 置于句首，句子完全倒装，正常语序为 A horse came next。
现在分词短语 swimming bravely 作伴随状语，修饰 a horse。
that 引导宾语从句，作 afraid 的宾语；before 引导时间状语从句。
固定搭配 prevent sb./sth. (from) doing sth. 意为 “阻止某人 / 某物做某事”，此处省略了 from；become exhausted 意为 “筋疲力尽”。
·释义：接着是一匹马，正奋力游着，但我们担心湍急的水流会耗尽它的力气，让它无法靠岸。
20.Suddenly a raft appeared, looking rather like Noah's ark, carrying the whole family, a few hens, the dogs, a cat, and a bird in a cage.
·句子类型：简单句（含多个现在分词短语作状语）
·核心结构：状语（Suddenly）+主语（a raft）+谓语（appeared）+伴随状语（looking rather like Noah's ark）+ 伴随状语（carrying the whole family...in a cage）
·语法要点：
两个现在分词短语 looking... 和carrying... 作伴随状语，补充说明木筏出现时的状态和所载物品。
look like 意为 “看起来像”；Noah's ark 指 “诺亚方舟”，此处为比喻用法。
·释义：突然，一只木筏出现了，看起来很像诺亚方舟，上面载着他们全家、几只母鸡、狗、猫，还有一只关在笼子里的鸟。
21.We realized that they must have become unduly frightened by the rising flood, for their house, which had sound foundations, would have stood stoutly even if it had been almost submerged.
·句子类型：复合句（主句 + 宾语从句 + 原因状语从句 + 非限制性定语从句 + 让步状语从句）
·核心结构：主句（We realized）+宾语从句（that they must have become...frightened）+ 连词（for）+ 原因状语从句（their house would have stood stoutly）+ 非限制性定语从句（which had sound foundations）+让步状语从句（even if it had been almost submerged）
·语法要点：
must have done 表示对过去情况的肯定推测，意为 “一定已经……”；unduly frightened 意为 “过度害怕”。
for 是并列连词，表补充说明的原因，语气比 because 弱。
which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 their house。
even if 引导让步状语从句，从句用过去完成时 had been submerged，主句用 would have stood，构成虚拟语气（对过去的虚拟）。
sound foundations 意为 “牢固的地基”；stand stoutly 意为 “稳稳地立住”。
·释义：我们意识到，他们一定是被不断上涨的洪水吓坏了，因为他们的房子地基很牢固，即使几乎被淹没，也能稳稳地立住。
22.The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
·句子类型：简单句（含介词短语作状语）
·核心结构：主语（The men of our family）+ 谓语（waded down）+ 状语（through our flooded meadows）+ 状语（with boathooks）+ 目的状语（in the hope of being able to...）
·语法要点：
with boathooks 是介词短语作方式状语，意为 “拿着船篙”。
in the hope of doing sth. 意为 “怀着…… 的希望做某事”，是固定搭配。
两个并列的不定式 to grapple...and pull... 作 being able to 的宾语。
grapple a corner of the raft 意为 “钩住木筏的一角”；pull sth. out of...towards... 意为 “把…… 从……拉向……”。
·释义：我们家的男人们拿着船篙，蹚过被洪水淹没的草地，希望能钩住木筏的一角，把它从急流中拉到我们这边的岸边。
23.We still think it a miracle that they were able to do so.
·句子类型：复合句（含形式宾语结构）
·核心结构：主语（We）+谓语（think）+形式宾语（it）+宾语补足语（a miracle）+真正宾语（that they were able to do so）
·语法要点：
think it + n. + that从句结构中，it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的 that 从句。
do so 指代前文提到的 pull the raft out of the current towards our bank，避免重复。
·释义：直到今天，我们仍觉得他们能做到这一点简直是个奇迹。
词汇分析：
一、核心词汇
- alien /ˈeɪliən/adj. 陌生的；格格不入的；异域的
语境：形容环境、事物让人感到生疏违和
变形：alienation n. 疏离感；alienate v. 使疏远
- objective /əbˈdʒektɪv/n. 目的地；目标 adj. 客观的
辨析：goal（短期目标）/aim（目的）/objective（正式、具象目标 / 地点）
- tragic /ˈtrædʒɪk/adj. 悲剧的；惨痛的
变形：tragedy n. 悲剧；tragically adv. 悲惨地
- emigrate /ˈemɪɡreɪt/v. 移居国外
易混辨析：
emigrate 迁出（本国→外国）
immigrate 迁入（外国→本国）
migrate 迁徙、流动（无国界）
- mortally /ˈmɔːtəli/adv. 致命地；极度地
词根：mortal adj. 终有一死的；致命的；immortal adj. 不朽的
- comprehensive /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv/adj. 详尽的；全面的
搭配：comprehensive map 详图；comprehensive plan 统筹规划
- milestone /ˈmaɪlstəʊn/n. 里程碑；人生转折点
引申：milestone in life 人生里程碑
- territory /ˈterətri/n. 领地；地域；故土
- submerge /səbˈmɜːdʒ/v. 淹没；浸没
变形：submerged adj. 被淹没的；submersion n. 淹没
- reservoir /ˈrezəvwɑː(r)/n. 水库；蓄水池
- continually /kənˈtɪnjuəli/adv. 持续不断地；反复地
辨析：continually（有间断的反复）/continuously（无间断持续）
- embed /ɪmˈbed/v. 扎根；嵌入；深埋
高频被动：be embedded in 扎根于
二、高级固定搭配
- cool off冷却；冷静下来
原句：I stopped to let the car cool off...
精讲：动词短语，本义降温，抽象义 “平复情绪”
写作复用：cool off one’s emotion 平复情绪
- recover from从…… 中恢复（身心 / 创伤）
原句：...did not quickly recover from the shock and loneliness.
精讲：高频书面搭配，后接灾难、创伤、打击、疾病
- be full of one’s presence处处留有某人的痕迹 / 身影
原句：Everything around him was full of her presence...
精讲：文学性高级表达，替代简单的 remind sb. of sb.
- become absorbed in全身心投入；专注于
原句：In the new country he became absorbed in making a new life...
精讲：in 为介词，后接doing，书面高级替换 be busy with
- cease to do sth.停止做某事
原句：...he gradually ceased to grieve.
精讲：正式书面语，替换 stop doing /give up doing
- be brought up被抚养长大
原句：I was brought up without a woman's care.
精讲：被动必考短语，bring up 还可表示 “提出、培养”
- lack for nothing一无所缺；衣食无忧
原句：But I lacked for nothing...
精讲：固定特殊搭配，lack 单独使用及物，lack for 多用于否定
- be embedded in深深扎根于
原句：His roots and mine had become too firmly embedded in the new land.
精讲：哲理类写作万能搭配，可用于文化、思想、归属感
- on one’s own独自地；靠自己
原句：...he made me promise to go on my own.
替换升级：independently /by oneself
- over and over again反反复复；再三
原句：my father had described over and over again what we should see...
11. take a wrong turning拐错弯；走入歧途
原句：I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.
引申写作：take a wrong turning in life 人生误入歧途
- retrace the route原路返回；回溯来路
书面高级词汇，旅游、叙事类文本高频
- land up + 地点最终抵达（无奈 / 意外结局）
原句：I landed up at the same corner.
语气：暗含宿命、徒劳，写作增色短语
- in sight在视野内；看得见
原句：...there was nobody in sight to help me.
反义：out of sight 看不见
- stumble into误入；无意间闯入
原句：I felt as if I had stumbled into a nightmare country.
文学描写专用，替代 enter accidentally
- no longer不再
原句：The village no longer existed...
语法位置：助动词 / 系动词后，实义动词前
三、拓展高频搭配
1. 情绪 & 生活类拓展
- emotional shock 精神打击
- lingering grief 久久无法释怀的悲伤
- severe loneliness 深度孤独
- settle in a foreign country 在异国定居
2. 地点 & 环境类拓展
- remote village 偏远村落
- natural landscape 自然风貌
- man-made facility 人造设施
- geographical territory 地理疆域
3. 推测 & 情态高级搭配（语法必考）
- must have done对过去肯定推测一定做过……
- should have done本应该做（实际没做）
- seem alien to sb.对某人而言十分陌生
4. 文化与归属感（大作文万能）
- cultural roots 文化根基
- sense of belonging 归属感
- emigrate for a better life 为美好生活移民
- break with the past 与过去割裂
5. 被动高频搭配（长难句核心）
- be marked on the map 被标注在地图上
- be submerged by flood 被洪水淹没
- be mortally wounded 受致命伤
四、重点语法搭配补充
- It was not that...并不是……（委婉解释句型）
例句：It was not that I forgot, but that I had no time.
- be positive that + 从句确信……
- with + 宾语 + 现在分词伴随状语
例：with the spire showing in the distance
- as if + 虚拟语气仿佛、好像（与现实相反）
长难句分析：
长难句 1
原文
We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
语法结构拆解
主句：We know instinctively
插入类比状语：just as beekeepers with their bees
宾语从句：that misfortune might overtake us
宾语从句内部嵌套if 虚拟条件状语从句：if the important events...were not related to it
重点语法考点
- 插入语结构：just as... 作方式类比插入语，割裂主句和 that 宾语从句，阅读时要先跳过插入语抓主干。
- 宾语从句嵌套条件从句：一层套一层，典型多层复合句。
- 虚拟语气：if 从句用一般过去时 were，主句用might + 动词原形，表示与现实相反的假设。
- 固定搭配：relate sth. to sth. 此处意为 “向…… 讲述 / 倾诉”，不是普通 “关联”。
学习注意点
- 看到逗号 + just as立刻识别是插入类比，不要卡在中间读断句子；
- 注意虚拟语气时态搭配：if 过现，主句 might/could/would；
- 背主干：We know that... 中间插入语可直接忽略抓核心。
长难句 2
原文
Sometimes we go upstream to a favourite backwater, sometimes we have our party at the boathouse, which a predecessor of ours at the farm built in the meadow hard by the deepest pool for swimming and diving.
语法结构拆解
并列两分句：
① Sometimes we go upstream...
② sometimes we have our party at the boathouse
后接which 非限制性定语从句修饰 the boathouse；
从句中：主语 a predecessor + 谓语 built + 地点状语堆叠。
重点语法考点
- 并列句 + 定语从句叠加，是新概念三经典句式；
- which 在从句中作宾语：先行词 boathouse，从句还原：a predecessor built the boathouse；
- 多重地点状语后置：in the meadow /hard by the deepest pool /for swimming and diving 层层修饰。
- 固定短语：hard by = close by 紧挨着。
学习注意点
- 定语从句过长时，学会先拆主句，再看从句修饰谁；
- 介词短语层层后置修饰，中文要从后往前翻，英文从前往后读；
- 识别：which 指代物，从句缺宾语可省略关系词，但本句不省略。
长难句 3
原文
We welcome the seasons by the riverside, crowning the youngest girl with flowers in the spring, holding a summer festival on Midsummer Eve, giving thanks for the harvest in the autumn, and throwing a holly wreath into the current in the winter.
语法结构拆解
主干：We welcome the seasons by the riverside
后接四个并列现在分词短语作伴随状语：
crowning... , holding... , giving... , and throwing...
重点语法考点
- 并列现在分词作伴随状语，超长排比结构；
- 分词逻辑主语和主句主语We 一致，是分词作状语的核心规则；
- 排比句式：四个 doing 并列，最后一个加 and，写作高分句型；
- 固定搭配：crown sb. with sth. /give thanks for /throw sth. into。
学习注意点
- 长句不用逐词抠，先抓主谓：We welcome the seasons；
- 记住：逗号后连续多个 doing，都是伴随状语，表动作同时进行；
- 可直接仿写：主句 + doing A, doing B, doing C, and doing D 写作万能句式。
长难句 4
原文
We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are affected by flooding, but other farms are less favourably sited, and flooding can sometimes spell disaster for their owners.
语法结构拆解
主干：We are lucky
in that 引导原因宾语从句（= because）
从句主干：only the lower fields are affected by flooding
中间插入which 非限制性定语从句修饰 lower fields
后接 but 、and连接两个并列分句。
重点语法考点
- in that 高频难点：引导原因从句，意为 “在于、因为”，正式书面语；
- 插入式定语从句：which 从句插在主语和谓语之间，割裂主谓，极易读错；
- 被动语态：are affected by flooding；
- 高级词汇搭配：make up 占比；spell disaster 招致灾难；less favourably sited 地理位置不佳。
学习注意点
- 看到in that立刻翻译成 “因为”，不要直译成 “在…… 里面”；
- 遇到主语 + , which 从句，+ 谓语结构，直接跳过中间从句，先找主谓；
- 多重复合并列句，分层读：第一层 in that，第二层 but 转折，第三层 and 递进。
长难句 5
原文
We realized that they must have become unduly frightened by the rising flood, for their house, which had sound foundations, would have stood stoutly even if it had been almost submerged.
语法结构拆解
主句：We realized
that 宾语从句：they must have become frightened...
for 引导并列分句表原因
分句主干：their house would have stood stoutly
插入 which 定语从句修饰 house
even if 引导让步虚拟状语从句。
重点语法考点
- must have done：对过去事情的肯定推测 “当时一定已经……”；
- for 表补充原因：并列连词，不能放句首，语气比 because 弱；
- 虚拟语气混合：would have stood /had been submerged 对过去虚拟；
- 多层从句嵌套：宾语从句 + 定语从句 + 让步状语从句。
学习注意点
- 区分：because 表直接原因，for 表补充解释、推测理由；
- 看到must have + 过去分词固定记：对过去推测；
- even if 引导虚拟从句，时态统一用过去完成时。
长难句 6
原文
The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope of being able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
语法结构拆解
主干：The men waded down
方式状语：through.../with boathooks
目的状语：in the hope of doing sth.
后面两个并列不定式：to grapple... and (to) pull...
重点语法考点
- in the hope of doing固定介词短语作目的状语；
- with + 名词表工具、方式；
- 并列不定式省略第二个 to；
- 长句状语后置堆叠，英文惯用表达。
学习注意点
- 长难句常把目的、方式、地点状语全部后置，主干在前；
- 记住万能短语：in the hope of doing 可直接作文套用；
- 读句顺序：先找主谓，再看 with/through/in 引导的各类状语。
句型
句型 1
课文原句
The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in our lives.
套用逻辑
sth which... has always played an important part in ...
定语从句修饰主体 + 某物在…… 中一直扮演重要角色，适合社会、科技、教育、环境类作文。
仿写例句
Technology which reshapes modern society has always played an important part in people’s daily lives.
例句翻译
重塑现代社会的科技，一直在人们的日常生活中扮演着重要角色。
句型 2
课文原句
We know instinctively that misfortune might overtake us if we ignored the important rules in life.
套用逻辑
We know instinctively that ... might ... if ...
我们本能地明白，倘若…… 就可能会产生某种后果，适合利弊、警示、价值观类作文。
仿写例句
We know instinctively that social stability might be threatened if we neglected environmental protection.
例句翻译
我们本能地明白，如果忽视环境保护，社会稳定就可能受到威胁。
句型 3
课文原句
This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom goes to extremes.
套用逻辑
This is a rare occurrence as ... seldom ...
这种情况实属罕见，因为…… 很少走向极端 / 很少出现某种状况，适合现象分析、利弊分析。
仿写例句
This is a rare occurrence as most young people seldom ignore their social responsibilities.
例句翻译
这种情况实属罕见，因为大多数年轻人很少漠视自身的社会责任。
句型 4
课文原句
We are lucky in that only the lower fields are affected by flooding, while other places suffer much more.
套用逻辑
We are lucky in that only ... are affected by ..., while ...
我们有幸在于只有…… 受到…… 影响，而…… 则受影响更大，对比类、利弊类万能句。
仿写例句
We are lucky in that only a small number of people are affected by job pressure, while others live a relaxed life.
例句翻译
我们有幸在于只有少部分人受到职场压力的困扰，而其他人则过着轻松的生活。
句型 5
课文原句
We still think it a miracle that they were able to do so.
套用逻辑
We still think it a miracle that ...
我们依然认为…… 是一件不可思议的事，适合观点评价、感慨、现象评述。
仿写例句
We still think it a miracle that humans can make great progress in space exploration.
例句翻译
我们依然认为人类能在太空探索领域取得巨大进步是一件奇迹。
