Lesson 1 Finding fossil man
课文:
1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.
·句子类型:复合句(主句 + 定语从句 + 非限制性定语从句)
·核心结构:主语 (We)+ 谓语 (can read of)+ 宾语 (things)+ 定语从句 (that…)+ 非限制性定语从句 (where…)
·语法要点:
① that 引导限制性定语从句,修饰 things,在从句中作主语;
② where 引导非限制性定语从句,修饰 the Near East,在从句中作地点状语;
③ read of 为固定搭配,表 “读到、获悉”。
·释义:我们从书籍中可读到 5,000 年前近东发生的事情,那里的人最早学会了写字。
2. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.
·句子类型:复合句(there be 句型 + 定语从句)
·核心结构:There be (there are)+ 主语 (some parts of the world)+ 定语从句 (where…)
·语法要点:where 引导限制性定语从句,修饰 parts of the world,在从句中作地点状语。
·释义:但直到现在,世界上有些地方,人们还不会书写。
3. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another.
·句子类型:复合句(主句 + 定语从句 + 过去分词作定语)
·核心结构:主语 (The only way)+ 定语从句 (that…)+ 系动词 (is)+ 表语 (to recount…)+ 同位语 (legends)+ 后置定语 (handed down…)
·语法要点:
① that 引导定语从句修饰 way,可省略;
②不定式 to recount… 作表语,说明 way 的内容;
③破折号后 legends 为 sagas 的同位语;
④ handed down 为过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰 legends。
·释义:他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述,由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。
4. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did.
·句子类型:并列复合句(原因状语从句 + 定语从句 + 宾语从句)
·核心结构:主句 (These legends are useful)+ 原因状语从句 (because…)+ 定语从句 (who…)+ 并列句 (but…)+ 宾语从句 (what…)
·语法要点:
① because 引导原因状语从句;
② who 引导定语从句修饰 people;
③ what 引导宾语从句,作 write down 的宾语;
④ but 连接并列句,表转折。
·释义:这些传说是很有用的,因为它们能告诉我们以往人们迁居的情况,但是,没有人能把他们当时做的事情记载下来。
5. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.
·句子类型:复合句(宾语从句 + 现在分词作定语)
·核心结构:主语 (Anthropologists)+ 谓语 (wondered)+ 宾语从句 (where…)+ 后置定语 (now living…)
·语法要点:
① where 引导宾语从句,用陈述语序;
② now living…为现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰 Polynesian peoples。
·释义:人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方。
6. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.
·句子类型:复合句(宾语从句)
·核心结构:主语 (The sagas)+ 谓语 (explain)+ 宾语从句 (that…)
·语法要点:that 引导宾语从句,作 explain 的宾语,可省略。
·释义:当地人的传说却告诉了人们:其中一部分是约在 2,000 年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。
7. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten.
·句子类型:复合句(定语从句 + 结果状语从句 + 条件状语从句)
·核心结构:主语 (the first people)+ 定语从句 (who…)+ 谓语 (lived)+ 结果状语从句 (so…that…)+ 条件状语从句 (if…)
·语法要点:
① who 引导定语从句修饰 people;
② so…that…引导结果状语从句;
③ if 引导条件状语从句,为插入语。
·释义:但是,和我们相似的原始人生活的年代太久远了,有关他们的传说即使有如今也失传了。
8. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.
·句子类型:复合句(宾语从句)
·核心结构:主语 (archaeologists)+ 谓语 (have)+ 宾语 (neither history nor legends)+ 后置定语 (to help…)+ 宾语从句 (where…)
·语法要点:
① neither…nor…连接并列宾语;
② to help…为不定式作后置定语;
③ where 引导宾语从句,作 find out 的宾语。
·释义:所以,考古学家们既缺乏历史记载,又无口头传说来帮助他们弄清最早的“现代人” 是从哪里来的。
9. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds.
·句子类型:复合句(原因状语从句 + 比较结构)
·核心结构:状语 (Fortunately, however)+ 主语 (ancient men)+ 谓语 (made)+ 宾语 (tools of stone)+ 原因状语从句 (because…)+ 比较结构 (easier…than…)
·语法要点:
① because 引导原因状语从句;
② easier…than…为形容词比较级结构;
③ this 指代 flint。
·释义:然而,幸运的是,远古人用石头制作了工具,特别是用燧石,因为燧石较之其他石头更易成形。
10. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away.
·句子类型:并列句
·核心结构:分句 1 (They may also have used…)+ 分句 2 (these have rotted away)
·语法要点:
① may have used 表对过去的推测;
② but 连接并列句,表转折;
③ rot away 为固定搭配,表 “腐烂、腐朽”。
·释义:他们也可能用过木头和兽皮,但这类东西早已腐烂殆尽。
11. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.
·句子类型:并列复合句(时间状语从句 + 定语从句)
·核心结构:分句 1 (Stone does not decay)+ 分句 2 (the tools…have remained)+ 时间状语从句 (when…)+ 定语从句 (who…)
·语法要点:
① and so 连接并列句,表结果;
② when 引导时间状语从句;
③ who 引导定语从句修饰 men;
④ without trace 为固定搭配,表 “无影无踪”。
·释义:石头是不会腐烂的。因此,尽管制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无存,但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。
词汇:
一、核心词汇
1.fossil /ˈfɒsl/n. 化石
o课文搭配:fossil man 化石人
2.legend /ˈledʒənd/n. 传说;传奇故事
3.storyteller /ˈstɔːritelə(r)/n. 讲述者;说书人
4.preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/v. 保存;保留
5.recount /rɪˈkaʊnt/v. 讲述;叙述
6.saga /ˈsɑːɡə/n. 英雄传说;长篇故事
7.migration /maɪˈɡreɪʃn/n. 迁移;迁居
8.anthropologist /ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst/n. 人类学家
9.remote /rɪˈməʊt/adj. 遥远的;远古的
10.ancestor /ˈænsestə(r)/n. 祖先
11.Polynesian /ˌpɒlɪˈniːziən/adj. 波利尼西亚的
12.archaeologist /ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒɪst/n. 考古学家
13.flint /flɪnt/n. 燧石
14.shape /ʃeɪp/v. 使成形;塑造
15.rot /rɒt/v. 腐烂;腐朽
16.decay /dɪˈkeɪ/v. 腐烂;衰退
17.trace /treɪs/n. 痕迹;踪迹
二、高级固定搭配
1.read of读到;获悉(书面正式)
o用法:后接事物,不直接接人
o例句:We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago.
2.hand down流传;把…… 传下去
o用法:hand down sth to sb 被动:be handed down
o例句:Legends are handed down from one generation to another.
3.write down写下;记录
o例句:None could write down what they did.
4.disappear without trace消失得无影无踪
o同义:vanish without a trace
o例句:Their bones have disappeared without trace.
5.rot away腐烂;腐朽
o例句:Wood and skins have rotted away.
三、拓展高频搭配(考试 / 写作常用)
1.near east近东(地理固定说法)
2.from one generation to another一代接一代
3.long ago很久以前
4.remote ancestors远古祖先
5.Pacific Islands太平洋诸岛
6.modern men现代人
7.tools of stone石器
8.the bones of men人类骨骼
四、搭配深度分析
1.hand down
表“代代相传”,只能用于传统、故事、物品、技能,不能用于抽象观点。
2.read of / read about
read of 更正式,多用于历史、文献;read about 更口语。
3.without trace
固定状语,只用于消失、失踪、毁灭,是高级写作短语。
4.rot away / decay
rot away 强调自然腐烂;decay 更正式,可指物质 / 文明 / 牙齿衰退。
句型:
1. 说明 “某事物有用 / 有价值”
原句:These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago.
可套用句型:
Sth. is useful because it can help us know about … who …
作文示例:
Reading classics is useful because it can help us know about the wisdom of people who lived in ancient times.
翻译:阅读经典很有用,因为它能帮我们了解古人的智慧。
2. 说明 “唯一办法 / 途径”
原句:The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas.
可套用句型:
The only way that we can … is to …
作文示例:
The only way that we can protect traditional culture is to pass it down from generation to generation.
翻译:我们保护传统文化的唯一办法,就是把它一代一代传下去。
3. 说明 “年代久远 / 影响消失”
原句:They lived so long ago that even their sagas are forgotten.
可套用句型:
… happened so long ago that even … have been forgotten.
作文示例:
This custom started so long ago that even its real meaning has been forgotten.
翻译:这个习俗起源太久远,连它真正的含义都已被遗忘。
4. 说明 “既没有 A 也没有 B”
原句:Archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them find out …
可套用句型:
We have neither … nor … to help us …
作文示例:
Many teenagers have neither clear goals nor useful plans to help them grow up.
翻译:许多青少年既没有明确目标,也没有有用的计划来帮助自己成长。
5. 说明 “对比:A 易保存 / 持久,B 易消失”
原句:Stone does not decay, so the tools have remained when even the bones have disappeared.
可套用句型:
… does not …, so … have remained when even … have disappeared.
作文示例:
True spirit does not fade, so great spirits have remained when even material things have disappeared.
翻译:真正的精神不会消逝,所以伟大的精神得以留存,即便物质的东西早已消失。