新概念四册学习笔记(第17课)

Lesson 17 A man‑made disease

课文：

1. In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit.

·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾）

·核心结构：状语 (In the early days…) + 主语 (enterprising settlers) + 状语 (unwisely) + 谓语 (introduced) + 宾语 (the European rabbit)

·语法要点：

①句首为时间状语，含多层 of 所有格作后置定语；

②enterprising为形容词作前置定语，修饰settlers；

③unwisely副词作状语，修饰动词introduced。

·释义：在澳大利亚殖民初期，有开拓精神的移民不明智地引进了欧洲兔。

2. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits.

·句子类型：并列复合句（结果状语从句）

·核心结构：主句 (This rabbit had no natural enemies…) + 结果状语从句 (so that it multiplied…)

·语法要点：

①so that引导结果状语从句，表 “因此、以至于”；

②with…abandon介词短语作方式状语；

③characteristic of rabbits形容词短语作后置定语，修饰abandon。

·释义：这种兔子在澳新地区没有天敌，因此以兔子特有的肆意繁殖方式大量繁衍。

3. It overran a whole continent.

·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾）

·核心结构：主语 (It) + 谓语 (overran) + 宾语 (a whole continent)

·语法要点：It指代前文the rabbit；overran为overrun过去式，表 “泛滥、肆虐”。

·释义：它们肆虐了整片大陆。

4. It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle.

·句子类型：复合句（定语从句）

·核心结构：主句 (It caused devastation…) + 方式状语 (by burrowing and by devouring…) + 定语从句 (which might have maintained…)

·语法要点：

①by doing并列作方式状语；

②which引导定语从句，修饰herbage；

③might have done表 “本可以、原本能够”。

·释义：它们打洞啃食牧草，造成巨大破坏，这些牧草本可养活数百万牛羊。

5. Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis.

·句子类型：复合句（宾语从句）

·核心结构：主句 (Scientists discovered) + 宾语从句 (that this particular variety…was susceptible to…)

·语法要点：

①that引导宾语从句，作discovered的宾语；

②be susceptible to固定搭配，“易患……、易受…… 影响”；

③myxomatosis为disease的同位语，说明病名。

·释义：科学家发现，这种特定兔子（显然其他动物不会）易患一种致命病毒性疾病 —— 多发性黏液瘤病。

6. By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created.

·句子类型：简单句（情态动词被动语态）

·核心结构：方式状语 (By infecting…letting…) + 主语 (local epidemics) +被动谓语 (could be created)

·语法要点：

①by doing作方式状语；

②let loose固定短语，“释放、放任”；

③被动语态突出结果，不强调动作执行者。

·释义：通过感染兔子并将其放回洞穴，就能造成该疾病的局部流行。

7. Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits.

·句子类型：复合句（主语从句 + 定语从句）

·核心结构：形式主语 (It) + 谓语 (was found) + 主语从句 (that there was a type of mosquito…) + 定语从句 (which acted…and passed…)

·语法要点：

①It为形式主语，that从句为真正主语；

②which引导定语从句，修饰mosquito，并列两个谓语；

③act as充当，pass on to传染给。

·释义：后来人们发现，有一种蚊子是该病的传播媒介，会将病毒传给兔子。

8. So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one.

·句子类型：复合句（时间状语从句）

·核心结构：让步 / 对比状语从句 (while the rest of the world…) + 主句 (Australia was encouraging…)

·语法要点：while引导对比状语从句，强调 “而、却”，主从句均为过去进行时。

·释义：因此，当世界其他地区都在消灭蚊子时，澳大利亚却在助长这种蚊子。

9. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically reduced the rabbit population.

·句子类型：简单句（并列谓语）

·核心结构：主语 (It) + 并列谓语 (spread…& reduced…) + 宾语 (the disease /the rabbit population)

·语法要点：It指代蚊子；effectively、drastically副词修饰并列谓语。

·释义：蚊子将疾病传遍整个大陆，大幅减少了兔子数量。

10. It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease.

·句子类型：复合句（主语从句）

·核心结构：形式主语 (It) + 系动词 (became) + 表语 (apparent) + 主语从句 (that rabbits were developing…)

·语法要点：It作形式主语；develop resistance to对…… 产生抵抗力。

·释义：后来很明显，兔子对这种病逐渐产生了一定抵抗力。

11. So that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated.

·句子类型：简单句（主系表）

·核心结构：主语 (the rabbit population) + 系动词 (was) + 表语 (unlikely to be completely exterminated)

·语法要点：be unlikely to do不太可能；被动to be exterminated表 “被灭绝”。

·释义：因此兔群不可能被彻底消灭。

12. There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.

·句子类型：复合句（同位语从句）

·核心结构：主句 (There were hopes) + 同位语从句 (that the problem…would become manageable)

·语法要点：that引导同位语从句，解释hopes内容；however插入语表转折。

·释义：不过人们希望，兔子问题能变得可控。

13. Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man‑made disease as a pestilence.

·句子类型：复合句（非限制性定语从句）

·核心结构：状语 (Ironically) + 主语 (Europe) + 定语从句 (which had bequeathed…) + 谓语 (acquired) + 宾语 (this man‑made disease)

·语法要点：which引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明Europe；bequeath…to…把……传给……。

·释义：讽刺的是，把兔子作为害兽传给澳洲的欧洲，自己却染上了这种人为瘟疫。

14. A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and introduced myxomatosis.

·句子类型：简单句（并列谓语）

·核心结构：主语 (A French physician) + 并列谓语 (decided…& introduced…)

·语法要点：decide to do；get rid of除掉；on his own estate后置定语。

·释义：一位法国医生为清除庄园野兔，引进了黏液瘤病毒。

15. It did not, however, remain within the confines of this estate.

·句子类型：简单句（主谓）

·核心结构：主语 (It) + 谓语 (remain) + 状语 (within the confines…)

·语法要点：It指代疾病；however插入语；within the confines of在……范围内。

·释义：然而，疫情并未局限在他的庄园内。

16. It spread through France, where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as a sport and a useful food supply.

·句子类型：复合句（非限制性定语从句）

·核心结构：主句 (It spread through France) + 定语从句 (where wild rabbits are regarded as…)

·语法要点：where引导定语从句修饰France；not…but…并列结构。

·释义：疫情蔓延至法国，在法国野兔通常不被视为害兽，而是狩猎对象与食物来源。

17. And it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry.

·句子类型：复合句（双定语从句）

·核心结构：主句 (it spread to Britain) + 两个where定语从句

·语法要点：两个where并列修饰Britain；equally susceptible…形容词短语作插入语。

·释义：疫情又传到英国，英国野兔是害兽，但易感的家兔支撑着利润丰厚的毛皮产业。

18. The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.

·句子类型：复合句（宾语从句 + 定语从句）

·核心结构：主句 (The question became one) + 介词宾语从句 (whether Man could control…) + 定语从句 (he had invented)

·语法要点：whether引导从句作of宾语；he had invented省略that的定语从句，修饰disease。

·释义：问题变成：人类能否控制自己制造出来的这种疾病。

词汇：

一、核心词汇

1.settlement /ˈsetlmənt/n. 殖民；定居点

o搭配：the settlement of Australia 澳大利亚殖民时期

2.enterprising /ˈentəpraɪzɪŋ/adj. 有事业心的；有魄力的

o搭配：enterprising settlers 有开拓精神的移民

3.multiply /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/v. 繁殖；成倍增加

4.abandon /əˈbændən/n. 放任；放纵

o搭配：with abandon 肆意地；毫无节制地

5.overrun /ˌəʊvəˈrʌn/v. 泛滥；侵扰；肆虐

6.devastation /ˌdevəˈsteɪʃn/n. 破坏；毁灭

7.burrow /ˈbʌrəʊ/v. 打洞；挖地洞

8.herbage /ˈhɜːbɪdʒ/n. 牧草；草本植物

9.susceptible /səˈseptəbl/adj. 易受感染的；易患病的

o搭配：be susceptible to 易患……

10.fatal /ˈfeɪtl/adj. 致命的

o搭配：a fatal disease 致命疾病

11.epidemic /ˌepɪˈdemɪk/n. 流行病；传染病

12.carrier /ˈkæriə(r)/n. 传播媒介；携带者

13.drastically /ˈdræstɪkli/adv. 大幅度地；急剧地

14.resistance /rɪˈzɪstəns/n. 抵抗力；抗性

o搭配：develop resistance to 对…… 产生抵抗力

15.exterminate /ɪkˈstɜːmɪneɪt/v. 消灭；根除

16.manageable /ˈmænɪdʒəbl/adj. 可控制的；可管理的

17.ironically /aɪˈrɒnɪkli/adv. 具有讽刺意味地

18.bequeath /bɪˈkwiːð/v. 遗留；传给

19.pest/pest/n. 害兽；害虫

20.pestilence /ˈpestɪləns/n. 瘟疫

21.domesticated /dəˈmestɪkeɪtɪd/adj. 驯养的

22.profitable /ˈprɒfɪtəbl/adj. 盈利的；有利可图的

二、高级固定搭配

1.in the early days of在……初期

2.with promiscuous abandon以肆意放纵的方式（高级短语）

3.cause devastation造成毁灭性破坏

4.be susceptible to易受…… 影响；易患……

5.act as the carrier of充当…… 的传播媒介

6.pass on to传递给；传染给

7.get rid of摆脱；消灭；去除

8.develop a degree of resistance to对……产生一定程度的抵抗力

9.be unlikely to do不太可能做某事

10.within the confines of在……范围之内

11.be regarded as被视为；被当作

12.the basis of …… 的基础

13.man‑made disease人为疾病

三、拓展高频搭配

1.natural enemies天敌

2.spread all over the continent传遍整个大陆

3.reduce the population减少数量

4.completely exterminate彻底根除

5.become manageable变得可控

6.wild rabbits野兔

7.domesticated rabbits家兔

8.profitable fur industry盈利的毛皮产业

9.control the disease控制疾病

10.local epidemics局部流行病

11.fatal virus disease致命病毒性疾病

12.a useful food supply有用的食物来源

13.a sport and food supply狩猎对象与食物来源

句型：

1. 对比转折万能句（while 强对比）

课文原句

So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one.

套用模板

While the rest of ______ were trying to ______, ______ was/were ______.

仿写示例

While the rest of the countries were trying to cut down energy use, this factory was still wasting large amounts of power.

翻译

当其他国家都在努力减少能源消耗时，这家工厂仍在大量浪费电力。

2. 形式主语 + 观点结论句（高级表态）

课文原句

It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease.

套用模板

It later became apparent that ______ were ______.

仿写示例

It later became apparent that teenagers were developing a strong dependence on mobile phones.

翻译

后来很明显，青少年对手机产生了强烈的依赖。

3. 方式状语 + 被动结果句（说明做法与效果）

课文原句

By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created.

套用模板

By ______ and ______, ______ could be ______.

仿写示例

By sorting rubbish and recycling waste, serious environmental pollution could be avoided.

翻译

通过垃圾分类与废物回收，可以避免严重的环境污染。

4. 非限制性定语从句（补充说明，加分长句）

课文原句

Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man‑made disease as a pestilence.

套用模板

Ironically, ______, which ______, ______.

仿写示例

Ironically, the city, which was famous for its clean environment, now suffers from serious air pollution.

翻译

具有讽刺意味的是，这座以环境洁净闻名的城市，如今正遭受严重的空气污染。

5. 终极反思句（作文结尾升华）

课文原句

The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.

套用模板

The question became one of whether ______ could ______ he/she/they had ______.

仿写示例

The question became one of whether humans could protect the environment they had damaged.

翻译

问题变成了：人类能否保护好自己曾破坏过的环境。