mit/miss 的中文意思是:送,放出,派遣语义等同:to send, to let go, to cast
原始印欧语词根——*mei-
本义为——交换,即两个动作主体之间有来有往的给予。进入拉丁语后,演变为动词 mittere(送、派、放出)。
| | |
|---|
| | 强调 —— 送、放出的动作本身,动态的发送、派遣、传递行为 |
| 拉丁语 mittere 完成被动分词 missus 的词干 miss- | 强调 —— 送、放出的结果、状态、被发送的对象,静态的传递结果、被派遣的身份 |
词根的开始
尤利乌斯·凯撒《高卢战记》中
Helvetii legatos ad eum mittunt nobilissimos civitatis.赫尔维蒂人派遣了国内最显贵的使者到他那里。
词根解析:mittunt = mit-(送)+ -unt(第三人称复数词尾)。词根含义为——一个人或一队人,带着信息离开此处,前往彼处。
维吉尔《埃涅阿斯纪》中
mittit socios Achaemenidenque AnthemumqueSerrumque, et orantem regem aditura legatos.
他派遣同伴们 —— 阿凯墨尼得斯、安特穆斯、塞鲁斯,还有即将前去面见拉丁姆国王陈情的使者们,踏上行程。
词根解析:mittit,是 mittere 的第三人称单数现在时,此处将——派遣、送出与民族存续、文明传承、神谕使命深度绑定,词根的核心义从简单的物品位置交换,升华为一个民族在命运流亡中,为文明火种寻找新家园的核心动作。
11 世纪《罗兰之歌》中
Il mist son ost en marche vers l'Espagne,et envoie ses chevaliers en mission contre les Sarrasins.
他派遣自己的大军向西班牙进发,又派出骑士们执行对抗撒拉逊人的使命。
词根解析:mist,是古法语 mettre 的简单过去时,此处完整保留了——派遣、送出军队的核心义,词根的动作指向性从泛化的物品交换,聚焦为军事行动、国家使命的定向派遣。
mission(miss 送出 + -ion 名词后缀),此处是 mit/miss 词根形态固化的标志性核心词。miss 词干完全定型。同时,该句完成了词根语义的关键跃升:有明确目标的人生使命、国家任务。
1. 18 世纪末,mit/miss 词根已不满足于仅描述派送信使。
简·奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》中
I do promise you, I am perfectly serious in my refusal.
我向你保证,我的拒绝是完全认真的。
promise ——(pro-向前+ mis送出)。mis在这里的意思是——向未来预先送出一句有约束力的言语。
2.大航海时代的全球探索,让人类的发送、传递能力实现了质的飞跃。
赫伯特・乔治・威尔斯《The Outline of History》中
The age of discovery saw European powers dispatch fleets across the world's oceans, to establish colonies, open trade routes, and transmit their culture, language, and political systems to every corner of the globe.
大发现时代,欧洲列强派遣舰队穿越全球各大洋,建立殖民地、开辟贸易航线,将他们的文化、语言与政治体系传递到世界的每一个角落。
transmit——(trans- 跨越 + mit 送)——v. 传输、传递、发送,此处词根的 送 义,从实体的人、物品,拓展到了看不见的电信号、信息。dispatch——(dis- 分开 + patch=mit 送出)——v. 派遣、发送 transmit:强调通道中的传递
信号沿电磁波传播、病毒经过飞沫传播、知识通过课本传承——这些都在“介质中跨越”的过程。
dispatch:强调 发出并处理掉 更偏向有目的、有效率地派出或解决问题。
- 3.19 世纪工业革命,mit/miss 词根的送、放出核心义,从人、物品、消息的短途传递,拓展到跨洋航行、全球贸易、能量传输、机械动力释放。
迈克尔・法拉第《Experimental Researches in Electricity》中
When an electric current is passed through a wire, it will emit a magnetic field around the conductor; conversely, a changing magnetic field can induce a current in a nearby wire, and this electromagnetic induction is the very principle that allows us to transmit electrical power across vast distances.
当电流通过导线时,会在导体周围释放出磁场;反之,变化的磁场也能在附近的导线中感应出电流,而这种电磁感应,正是我们能够跨越遥远距离传输电力的核心原理。
emit——(e-=ex- 向外 + mit 放出)——v. 释放、发出、发射,此处词根的放出 义,从实体的物品送出,延伸为能量、磁场、辐射的释放。
恩格斯《The Condition of the Working Class in England》中
The factory owners can dismiss a worker at any time, for the slightest infraction, or simply because they need fewer hands; and the worker, with no savings and no land to return to, has no choice but to submit to the will of the capitalist, to work 16 hours a day for a wage that barely keeps him alive.
工厂主可以在任何时候解雇工人,哪怕只是最轻微的违规,甚至仅仅因为他们需要的人手变少了;而工人没有积蓄,也没有土地可以回去,别无选择,只能屈服于资本家的意志,为了 barely 维持生计的工资,每天工作 16 个小时。
- dismiss——(dis- 离开、分开 + miss 送)——v. 解雇、解散、驳回,此处词根的送走义,从派遣使者、送出物品,演变为资本主义生产关系中将工人从工厂中送走、剥夺其劳动资格的核心表达
- submit——(sub- 向下、在下 + mit 送)——v. 屈服、顺从、提交,此处词根的送下去义,从物理上的向下递送,延伸为社会阶级关系中底层向统治阶级屈服、交出自己的劳动自主权
- 3. 资本主义市场的成熟与现代民族国家的建立,让 mit/miss 词根从——送出、交付、承诺的核心语义,演变为现代国家与商业体系运行规则的术语。
亚当・斯密《国富论》中
Every commercial contract is founded on the promise of one party to deliver goods, and the promise of the other to pay an equivalent value; and the whole system of trade relies on the willingness of individuals to commit to their promises, and on the law to enforce those commitments when they are broken.
每一份商业契约,都建立在一方承诺交付货物、另一方承诺支付对等价值的基础之上;整个贸易体系的运转,都依赖于人们愿意信守自己的承诺,也依赖于法律在承诺被违背时,能够强制执行这些约定。
promise——(pro- 向前 + miss 送出)——n./v. 承诺、许诺
commit——(com- 完全 + mit 送出)——v. 承诺、承担、交付
马克思《资本论》中
The capitalist commits his capital to the production process, in order to extract surplus value from the labour of the workers; the state, in turn, creates laws to protect the private property of the capitalist, to enforce the terms of the labour contract, and to dismiss any challenge to the existing economic order.
资本家将自己的资本投入生产过程,以从工人的劳动中榨取剩余价值;而国家则制定法律,保护资本家的私有财产,强制执行劳动合同的条款,驳回任何对现有经济秩序的挑战。
commit——(com-共同、完全、加强+mit送出)v.犯罪; 承诺,忠于(某人); 明确表态;
dismiss ——(dis-离开、分开+miss送出)v.不考虑; 解雇; 不予受理;
4. 近现代逻辑学、文学创作,让 mit/miss 词根的语义完成了从实体到抽象的终极跃迁,成为表达逻辑推理、人性边界、道德抉择的核心词。
乔治・奥威尔《1984》中
He had tried everything to make the court admit his innocence, to hear his plea, to see him as a human being rather than a case number. But every appeal he submitted was dismissed, every question he asked was deflected, every piece of evidence he offered was ignored. The court did not need to send him to prison to destroy him; it had already dismissed his right to exist outside its own unwritten rules.
他想尽了一切办法,想让法庭承认他的清白,聆听他的申辩,将他当作一个人、而非一个案号看待。可他提交的每一次申诉都被驳回,提出的每一个问题都被回避,拿出的每一份证据都被无视。这套法庭体系无需将他送进监狱就能摧毁他;它早已剥夺了他在其不成文的规则之外存在的权利。submit(sub- 向下 + mit 送出)v.顺从; 提交; 主张; 建议;从本义 把物品向下送到权威面前,升华为个体向权力体系提交申诉、交付自我命运的动作dismiss(dis- 离开、 away + miss 送出)从本义 把人送走、打发走,升华为权力体系对个体权利的否定、对人性的漠视、对申诉的驳回。
进入到现代词义演变
20 世纪工业化、电气时代、航天时代与大众传媒驱动的语义爆发,
阿瑟・克拉克 《2001:太空漫游》中
Discovery One was on its way to Jupiter, its mission to explore the mysterious monolith that had been discovered on the Moon. The ship's main antenna could transmit data and video signals across hundreds of millions of kilometers of space, back to mission control on Earth; and the HAL 9000 computer, the brain of the ship, could admit no error, could accept no flaw in its operation, and would not allow any human to jeopardize the mission it had been entrusted with.
发现一号正朝着木星航行,它的使命是探索在月球上发现的神秘黑色巨石。飞船的主天线能跨越数亿公里的太空,将数据和视频信号传输回地球的任务控制中心;而飞船的大脑 ——HAL 9000 计算机,绝不允许自己出现任何错误,绝不接受运行中的任何瑕疵,也绝不会允许任何人破坏它所受托执行的任务。
mission——(miss送出-+ion)n.代表团; 使命; 官方使命; 布道所
transmit——(tran-跨越、穿过、到另一边+s+mit送)v. 传输; 传送,传递; 发射; 传染 admit——(ad- 向内 + mit 送)——v. 承认、接受、准许进入- 21 世纪的互联网与数字智能时代,mit/miss 词根延伸到人工智能的核心逻辑、人类的星际远征等领域。
The promise of a new era of open-source AI is that anyone can tinker. The barrier to entry for training and experimentation has dropped from the total output of a major research organization to one person, an evening, and a beefy laptop.
开源 AI 新时代的承诺是:任何人都可以动手改进。训练和实验的准入门槛,已从一个大研究机构的全部产出,降到了一台性能强大的笔记本电脑加一个晚上时间。
promise—— (pro-向前 + mis送出)。n. 承诺;诺言;希望;前景 v. 承诺;许诺;有希望;预示
考研单词列举
They housed 8 rats with two robotic rats for four days. The robotic rats resembled a normal rat in size and shape, but with a plastic body and wheels to move around. The rats and the robots could interact with each other, and the robots could transmit social signals to the rats, such as following them around, grooming them, and playing with them.2019 年考研英语(一) 阅读理解
他们将 8 只老鼠和两只机器鼠关在一起饲养了 4 天。机器鼠的大小和外形与普通老鼠相似,但拥有塑料机身和用于移动的轮子。老鼠和机器人可以相互互动,机器人也能向老鼠传递社交信号,比如跟着它们四处走动、为它们理毛、和它们玩耍。
dismiss —— dis-(离开、分开)+ miss(送) v. 解雇;解散;驳回;不受理;排除;不予考虑;否定
We should not dismiss these efforts as pointless, or as the vanity projects of wealthy individuals. Even if they do not solve the climate crisis on their own, they can help to drive innovation, raise public awareness, and put pressure on governments to take more ambitious action.2022 年考研英语(一) 阅读理解
我们不应该将这些努力视为毫无意义,或是富人的虚荣项目。即便它们无法凭一己之力解决气候危机,也能助力推动创新、提升公众意识,并向政府施压,要求其采取更有力度的行动。
mission—— miss(送出、派遣)+ -ion(名词后缀) n. 使命;任务;代表团;传教;宗旨
Within the span of a single year, the company completely redefined its core mission, shifting from a focus on short-term profit maximization to a long-term commitment to sustainable development, environmental protection, and social responsibility.2021 年考研英语(二) 阅读理解
短短一年时间里,这家公司彻底重新定义了自己的核心使命,从专注于短期利润最大化,转向了长期致力于可持续发展、环境保护与社会责任。
admit —— ad-(向内、朝向)+ mit(送) v. 承认;准许进入;接纳;
The company was forced to admit that it had misled customers about the environmental impact of its products, and agreed to pay a $2 billion fine to settle the lawsuit brought by the state attorney general.2020 年考研英语(一) 阅读理解
该公司被迫承认,其在产品的环境影响方面误导了消费者,并同意支付 20 亿美元的罚款,以了结州总检察长提起的诉讼。
commit —— com-(完全、共同)+ mit(送) v. 承诺;致力于;投入;犯(罪 / 错);交付;承担
More and more young people are choosing to commit to a plant-based diet, not only for health reasons, but also because they are concerned about the environmental impact of animal agriculture.2023 年考研英语(二) 阅读理解
越来越多的年轻人选择坚持素食饮食,不仅是出于健康原因,也因为他们担忧畜牧业对环境的影响。
All applicants must submit their application forms and supporting documents before the deadline, and will be notified of the result within two weeks of the closing date.2024 年考研英语(一) 完形填空
所有申请人必须在截止日期前提交申请表及证明文件,并会在截止日期后的两周内收到结果通知。
promise —— pro-(向前、预先)+ miss(送出) n. 承诺;诺言;希望;前景 v. 承诺;许诺;有希望;预示
The new technology shows great promise for reducing carbon emissions from the manufacturing sector, and could help the country meet its net-zero target by 2050.2022 年考研英语(二) 阅读理解这项新技术在降低制造业碳排放方面展现出巨大前景,能够助力该国在 2050 年前实现净零排放目标。
permit —— per-(穿过、通过)+ mit(送) v. 允许;许可;使有可能 n. 许可证;执照
The new regulation will not permit companies to discharge untreated wastewater into rivers and lakes, and will impose heavy fines on those that violate the rule.2018 年考研英语(二)阅读理解
新条例将禁止企业向河流湖泊排放未经处理的污水,并将对违规企业处以高额罚款。
When writing an academic paper, you must not omit the relevant literature review, as it is the foundation of your research and demonstrates your understanding of the existing studies in the field.2025 年考研英语(一) 翻译题
撰写学术论文时,你不能省略相关的文献综述,因为它是你研究的基础,也能证明你对该领域现有研究的理解。
The government has set up an independent commission to investigate the causes of the financial crisis, and to make recommendations for reforming the banking system.2016 年考研英语(一) 阅读理解
政府成立了一个独立委员会,调查金融危机的成因,并就银行体系改革提出建议。
注明:资料来源于网络,仅供学习交流