Lesson 19 The stuff of dreams
课文：
1.It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important.
·句子类型：并列复合句（形式主语结构 + 原因状语从句）
·核心结构：It is + adj. + that 从句 + and + 原因状语从句 + 主句
·语法要点：① It 为形式主语，真正主语是 that 从句；② and 连接并列分句；③because 引导原因状语从句；④ the sleeping period 为抽象名词短语作主语
·释义：很清楚，睡眠必然具有某种作用。睡眠占去那么多时间，所以其作用似乎还是很重要
2.Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.
·句子类型：并列复合句（定语从句 + 表语从句）
·核心结构：主语 + 谓语 + and + 主语 + 定语从句 + 系动词 + 表语从句
·语法要点：① about its nature 介词短语作后置定语；②现在完成进行时 have been going on 表持续；③that makes...puzzling 定语从句修饰 finding；④ that 引导表语从句；⑤as if 引导表语从句
·释义：人们对睡眠作用的种种猜测，确实有数千年之久。一项使人对这个问题感到困惑的奇怪的发现是，睡眠在很大程度似乎并不仅仅是为了使身体得到休息
3.'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.
·句子类型：简单句（被动语态）
·核心结构：主语 + 插入语 + 情态动词被动式 + 方式状语
·语法要点：①被动语态 can be achieved；② in terms of... 为插入语；③ by 后接动名词作方式状语；④lying 与 sitting down 并列
·释义：“休息”，从使肌肉得到放松等方面来看，只要稍微躺一躺，甚至坐一坐就能达到
4.The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree, and function best when more or less continuously active.
·句子类型：并列复合句（时间状语省略结构）
·核心结构：主语 + 系表 + and + 谓语 + 时间状语（省略）
·语法要点：① and 连接并列谓语；②to a degree 固定搭配 “在一定程度上”；③ when 引导时间状语从句，省略主语与系动词
·释义：人体组织在一定程度上有自我修补和自我恢复的能力，有张有弛地连续活动时，其功能最佳
5.In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.
·句子类型：复合句（分隔式定语从句）
·核心结构：状语 + 主语 + 谓语 + 状语 + 定语从句
·语法要点：①定语从句 which... 修饰 movement，因谓语短后置形成分隔；② be concerned with doing 固定搭配
·释义：事实上，睡眠状态下仍有着基本的活动量，以防止肌肉活动停止
6.If it is not a question of resting the body, then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting?
·句子类型：复合句（条件状语从句 + 强调句）
·核心结构：If 条件从句 + 强调句 it is...that...
·语法要点：① If 引导条件状语从句；②强调句型 it is the brain that... 强调主语；③ need doing 表被动含义
·释义：如果睡眠的功能不是在于使身体得到休息，那么也许是让大脑得以休息？
7.This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors.
·句子类型：复合句（虚拟语气 + 倒装）
·核心结构：主句 + 省略 if 的虚拟条件倒装句
·语法要点：①虚拟语气，与现在事实相反；②省略 if，were提前倒装；③ were it not for=if it were not for “若不是”
·释义：若不是下面两点，这种假设似乎是有道理的
8.First the electroencephalograph (which is simply a device for recording the electrical activity of the brain by attaching electrodes to the scalp) shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep, there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less.
·句子类型：多重复合句（非限制性定语从句 + 宾语从句 + 同位语从句）
·核心结构：主语 + 定语从句 + 谓语 + 宾语从句 + 同位语从句
·语法要点：① which 引导非限制性定语从句；②that 引导宾语从句；③ while 在宾语从句中表 “虽然”；④ that 引导同位语从句解释 evidence
·释义：第一点，脑电图记录仪（不过是一种把电极接到头皮上记录脑电活动的仪器）显示，人在睡眠时大脑活动的方式有变化，但没有迹象表明，其活动总量有任何减少
9.The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental.
·句子类型：简单句（主系表）
·核心结构：主语 + 系动词 + 并列比较级表语
·语法要点：and 连接两个比较级形容词作表语
·释义：第二点更有意思，也更重要
10.Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep.
·句子类型：简单句（过去分词作定语）
·核心结构：状语 + 主语 + 定语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 定语
·语法要点：① named... 过去分词作后置定语；②dealing with... 现在分词作后置定语
·释义：前些年，美国一位精神病学者发表了一篇报告，报告中记录了眼球在睡眠时的活动情况
11.He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements, some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid.
·句子类型：复合句（宾语从句 + 独立主格）
·核心结构：主句 + 宾语从句 + 独立主格作伴随状语
·语法要点：① that 引导宾语从句；②被动语态 is punctuated with；③独立主格结构 some..., others...
·释义：他指出，平常人的睡眠周期中不时伴有一阵阵奇怪的眼球活动，这些活动有的飘忽而缓慢，有的急剧而快速
12.People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming.
·句子类型：复合句（定语 + 宾语从句）
·核心结构：主语 + 定语 + 谓语 + 宾语从句
·语法要点：① woken 过去分词作后置定语；②that 引导宾语从句；③过去完成进行时 had been dreaming
·释义：在眼球活动期间被叫醒的人都说自己在做梦
13.When woken at other times they reported no dreams.
·句子类型：复合句（省略式时间状语从句）
·核心结构：时间状语从句（省略）+ 主句
·语法要点：When 后省略 they were，状语从句省略规则
·释义：在其他期间叫醒他们，则说没有做梦
14.If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were not exhibiting eye-movements, the first group began to show some personality disorders while the others seemed more or less unaffected.
·句子类型：并列复合句（条件状语从句 + 时间状语从句 + 对比状语从句）
·核心结构：If 条件从句（and 连接两个并列分句）+ 主句 + while 对比从句
·语法要点：① If 引导虚拟 / 真实条件；② when 引导时间状语从句；③while 表对比 “而”；④ on end “连续地”
·释义：如果有一组人连续几夜在眼球活动时被叫醒，另一组人也是连续几夜被叫醒但在眼球没活动时被叫醒，第一组人开始出现性格失常，而第二组人似乎没受什么影响
15.The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.
·句子类型：复合句（表语从句 + 强调句）
·核心结构：主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句（含强调句）
·语法要点：① that 引导表语从句；②强调句 it was not...but...“不是…… 而是……”
·释义：这一切暗示我们：睡眠受到干扰没关系，而做梦受到干扰是有问题的
词汇：
一、核心词汇
1.sleeping /ˈsliːpɪŋ/adj. 睡眠的 n. 睡眠
o搭配：sleeping period 睡眠时间
2.function /ˈfʌŋkʃn/n. 功能；作用 v. 运转
o搭配：have some function 有某种作用
3.speculation /ˌspekjuˈleɪʃn/n. 推测；猜测
o拓展：speculate v. 推测
4.tissue /ˈtɪʃuː/n. （生物）组织
o搭配：body's tissues 人体组织
5.self-repairing /ˌself rɪˈpeərɪŋ/adj. 自我修复的
6.self-restoring /ˌself rɪˈstɔːrɪŋ/adj. 自我恢复的
7.movement /ˈmuːvmənt/n. 运动；活动
o搭配：basic amount of movement 基本活动量
8.muscle /ˈmʌsl/n. 肌肉
o搭配：muscle inactivity 肌肉静止
9.plausible /ˈplɔːzəbl/adj. 看似合理的；可信的
o搭配：a plausible hypothesis 看似合理的假设
10.hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/n. 假设；假说
11.electroencephalograph /ɪˌlektrəʊɪnˈsefələɡrɑːf/n.脑电图仪
12.device /dɪˈvaɪs/n. 设备；仪器
13.electrode /ɪˈlektrəʊd/n. 电极
14.scalp /skælp/n. 头皮
15.pattern /ˈpætn/n. 模式；方式
o搭配：pattern of activity 活动模式
16.psychiatrist /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/n. 精神病学家；精神科医生
17.cycle /ˈsaɪkl/n. 周期
o搭配：sleep cycle 睡眠周期
18.peculiar /pɪˈkjuːliə(r)/adj. 奇特的；异常的
19.drifting /ˈdrɪftɪŋ/adj. 漂移的；缓慢移动的
20.jerky /ˈdʒɜːki/adj. 急促的；颠簸的
21.rapid /ˈræpɪd/adj. 快速的
o搭配：rapid eye-movements 快速眼球运动
22.disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/v. 打扰；干扰
o拓展：disturbance n. 干扰；扰乱
23.personality /ˌpɜːsəˈnæləti/n. 性格；人格
o搭配：personality disorders 性格失常
24.implication /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/n. 暗示；含义
25.literally /ˈlɪtərəli/adv. 确实地；简直
二、高级固定搭配（考试 / 写作必背）
1.in terms of就……而言；从…… 角度
o用法：后接名词 / 动名词，用于限定范围
o例句：Rest, in term s of muscle relaxation, can be achieved easily.
2.to a degree在一定程度上
o同义：to some extent
o例句：The body's tissues are self-repairing to a degree.
3.be concerned with与……有关；涉及
o用法：后接名词 / 动名词
o例句：Movement is concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.
4.it is not...that...but...不是…… 而是……（强调句型）
o例句：It was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but dreaming.
5.on end连续地；不间断地
o用法：放在时间名词后
o例句：for several nights on end 连续几夜
6.more or less或多或少；大体上
o例句：The others seemed more or less unaffected.
7.punctuate with不时被…… 打断 / 穿插
o用法：被动 be punctuated with
o例句：Sleep cycle is punctuated with eye-movements.
8.were it not for若不是（虚拟语气倒装）
o同义：if it were not for
o例句：This might be true were it not for two factors.
三、拓展高频搭配
1.sleep-related
osleeping period 睡眠时间
osleep cycle 睡眠周期
orapid eye-movements 快速眼球运动
oeye-movement sleep 快速眼动睡眠
2.body & brain
obody's tissues 人体组织
omuscle relaxation 肌肉放松
omuscle inactivity 肌肉静止
oelectrical activity of the brain 脑电活动
3.research & experiment
orecord eye-movements 记录眼球运动
opublish experiments 发表实验报告
oattach electrodes to scalp 把电极贴在头皮上
4.influence & result
opersonality disorders 性格失常
obe unaffected 不受影响
othe disturbance of sleep 睡眠干扰
othe disturbance of dreaming 做梦干扰
句型：
1. 万能观点开篇句
原句：It is fairly clear that the sleeping period must have some function, and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important.
套用结构：It is fairly clear that … must …, and because …, … would seem to be important.
作文示例：It is fairly clear that reading must have some value, and because we spend so much time on it, the value would seem to be important.
翻译：很明显，阅读必然具有某种价值，而且因为我们在它上面花费大量时间，这种价值似乎是很重要的。
2. 高级 “若不是… 就…” 虚拟倒装句
原句：This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors.
套用结构：This might be … were it not for ….
作文示例：This might be a reasonable plan were it not for the high cost.
翻译：若不是成本太高，这或许会是一个合理的方案。
3. 现象描述高级句
原句：The average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements.
套用结构：The average … is punctuated with ….
作文示例：The average student's daily life is punctuated with moments of pressure and relaxation.
翻译：普通学生的日常生活中不时穿插着压力与放松的时刻。
4. 对比强调 “不是… 而是…”
原句：It was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming.
套用结构：It was not … that mattered, but ….
作文示例：It was not the speed of learning that mattered, but the efficiency.
翻译：重要的不是学习的速度，而是学习的效率。
5. 原因 + 结果逻辑高级句
原句：If one group were disturbed for several nights on end, the first group began to show problems while the others seemed unaffected.
套用结构：If …, … began to … while ….
作文示例：If students are short of sleep for days on end, their attention begins to drop while their performance becomes worse.
翻译：如果学生连续几天睡眠不足，他们的注意力就会开始下降，同时表现也会变差。
