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学习笔记:“妥为顾及义务”

  • 2026-02-04 13:50:33
学习笔记:“妥为顾及义务”
01
概念
《外空条约》第九条规定，各国开展外空活动时须适当顾及他国合法利益，避免有害干扰，属强制性义务。
02
法条原文
Article IX: States Parties to the Treaty shall be guided by the principle of cooperation and mutual assistance and shall conduct all their activities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, with due regard to the corresponding interests of all other States Parties to the Treaty.
03
中文翻译
本条约各缔约国应以合作和互助原则为指导，在包括月球与其他天体在内的外层空间所进行的一切活动，应妥为顾及本条约其他缔约国的相应利益。
04
国内法衔接要点
中国：国际电信联盟（ITU）中国分会要求国内卫星运营主体提前申报轨道和频谱资源，通过ITU协调流程避让他国已占用资源，落实“妥为顾及义务”；航天任务规划中需开展环境影响评估，重点评估对他国在轨活动的可能干扰。
美国：国家航空航天局（NASA）发布《负责任外空行为准则》，要求国内航天主体在任务设计阶段评估对他国活动的影响，主动与相关国家沟通协调，将“妥为顾及”转化为具体操作要求。
欧盟：欧洲航天局（ESA）成员国需遵守《欧洲空间政策》，通过ESA的协调机制统筹区域内航天活动，避免成员国间的有害干扰，同时对接《外空条约》义务。
05
法律风险
“有害干扰”判定标准不明确；在轨资源竞争中易引发管辖权冲突；缺乏争端解决细则。
06
风险应对
发布活动“环境影响评估（EIA）”并公开；建立在轨活动“事先通知”机制；采用国际电信联盟（ITU）频谱/轨道协调流程。
07
引用信息时间节点
《外空条约》1967年生效；NASA《负责任外空行为准则》2022年发布；《欧洲空间政策》2007年制定。
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001095s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=no_67808;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001348s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000689s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000660s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001261s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000577s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001338s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 462208 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000894s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1770828444 WHERE `id` = 462208 [ RunTime:0.006610s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 65 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000715s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 462208 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001050s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 462208 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001189s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 462208 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.001910s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 462208 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.005321s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 462208 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.007362s ]
0.206757s