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学习笔记70

2026-02-13 17:16:00

埃及的担保形式主要包含保证、抵押、商业质押及银行保函四类，具体界定与适用场景如下：

1.保证：由第三方（保证人）作出承诺，当债务人未按期履行债务时，由保证人代为清偿债务，普遍适用于借贷、信贷及公司债务等场景。

2.抵押：借款人以不动产（如房产、地产）作为债务清偿的担保，该担保形式须办理公证手续，并在不动产登记部门完成备案，方可对第三方产生对抗效力。

3.商业质押：以动产（如机械设备、库存货物、股权等）作为债务担保物移交质押，是银行授信及商业融资领域的常用担保方式。

4.银行保函：银行向受益人出具书面承诺，若主债务人未履行合同约定义务，银行将按保函约定向受益人支付相应款项，多见于建筑工程承包、招投标、进出口贸易及大额商事交易。

The forms of security in Egypt mainly include guarantee, mortgage, commercial pledge and bank guarantee, with specific definitions and application scenarios as follows:

1.Guarantee: A third party (guarantor) undertakes to settle the debt on behalf of the debtor if the debtor fails to perform its obligations on schedule. It is commonly applicable to lending, credit and corporate debt scenarios.

2.Mortgage: The borrower uses real property (e.g., houses and land) as security for debt repayment. This form of security shall be notarized and filed with the real property registration authority to have the effect of opposing third parties.

3.Commercial Pledge: Movables (e.g., machinery and equipment, inventory goods, equity interests, etc.) are delivered as collateral for debts, which is a commonly used security method in bank credit and commercial financing fields.

4.Bank Guarantee: The bank issues a written commitment to the beneficiary that if the principal debtor fails to perform its contractual obligations, the bank will pay the corresponding amount to the beneficiary in accordance with the terms of the guarantee. It is mostly adopted in construction contracting, bidding and tendering, import and export trade and large-value commercial transactions.

第二编商标、商号、地理标志和工业品外观设计

BOOK TWO

MARKS, TRADENAMES, GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS

第一部分商标、商号和地理标志

PART I

MARKS, TRADENAMES AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS

第70条：主管部长可为公共利益，授权从事产品原产地、成分、生产工艺、质量、真伪及其他各项特征核查检验的自然人或法人，注册专用标志。该标志用于证明相关产品正接受前述核查检验。未经主管部长专项授权，该标志不得转让处置。

Article 70

The competent minister may – in the interest of the public – authorize natural persons or legal entities involved in the control or examination of products in respect of their origin, components, method of manufacture, quality, authenticity or any other distinctive characteristic, to register a mark which shall serve to certify that such control or examination of such products is underway.

Such a mark shall not be disposed of without a special authorization from the competent minister.

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