Lesson 29 The hovercraft
课文：
1. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.
·句子类型：简单句 + 独立主格结构
·核心结构：主句 (Many strange new means of transport have been developed...) + 独立主格 (the strangest of them being...)
·语法要点：①主语为 Many strange new means of transport，means 表 “方式 / 工具”，单复数同形；②主句为现在完成时的被动语态，表“被研发”；③独立主格结构 the strangest of them being... 作伴随状语，替代定语从句 which is the strangest of them，避免两个简单句直接连接造成语法错误。
·释义：本世纪已研制出许多新奇的交通工具，其中最新奇的要数气垫船了。
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2. In 1953, a former electronics engineer in his fifties, Christopher Cockerell, who had turned to boat-building on the Norfolk Broads, suggested an idea on which he had been working for many years to the British Government and industrial circles.
·句子类型：复合句（含非限制性定语从句 + 介词 + 关系代词的定语从句）
·核心结构：主语 (a former electronics engineer...) + 谓语 (suggested) + 宾语 (an idea) + 双宾语 (to the British Government and industrial circles)
·语法要点：① Christopher Cockerell 是主语的同位语，起解释说明作用；② who 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 Christopher Cockerell，从句用过去完成时，表 “改行造船” 的动作发生在 “提出想法” 之前；③ on which 引导介词 + 关系代词的定语从句，修饰 an idea，还原为 he had been working on the idea for many years，work on 为固定搭配 “致力于”。
·释义：1953 年，有一位 50 多岁名叫克里斯托弗・科克雷尔的原电子工程师，改行在诺福克郡的湖泊地区从事造船业，他向英国政府和工业界提出了他研究多年的一项计划。
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3. It was the idea of supporting a craft on a 'pad', or cushion, of low-pressure air, ringed with a curtain of higher pressure air.
·句子类型：简单句（主系表结构 + 多层后置定语）
·核心结构：主语 (It) + 系动词 (was) + 表语 (the idea) + 后置定语 (of supporting...)
·语法要点：① It 指代前文的 an idea，避免重复；② of supporting... 为介词短语作后置定语修饰 the idea，support...on... 为固定搭配 “将…… 支撑在…… 上”；③ ringed with... 为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 a 'pad', or cushion，表 “被…… 环绕”，相当于 which is ringed with...。
·释义：他的设想是：用一个低压空气“垫” 或软垫来支撑船体，软垫周围用高压空气环绕。
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4. Ever since, people have had difficulty in deciding whether the craft should be ranged among ships, planes, or land vehicles -- for it is something in between a boat and an aircraft.
·句子类型：复合句（宾语从句 + 原因状语从句）
·核心结构：主句 (people have had difficulty in deciding...) + 宾语从句 (whether...) + 原因状语从句 (for...)
·语法要点：①固定搭配 have difficulty in doing sth “做某事有困难”，in 可省略；② whether 引导宾语从句，作 deciding 的宾语，range among... 为固定搭配 “被归入…… 类别中”；③ for 为连词，引导原因状语从句，表补充说明的原因，破折号起衔接、解释的作用；④ in between... 为介词短语作后置定语，修饰 something。
·释义：自那以后，人们很难决定是否应该将这种运载工具列为轮船、飞机，或是陆上交通工具—— 因为它是介于船和飞机之间的一种东西。
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5. As a shipbuilder, Cockerell was trying to find a solution to the problem of the wave resistance which wastes a good deal of a surface ship's power and limits its speed.
·句子类型：复合句（定语从句 + 介词短语作状语）
·核心结构：主句 (Cockerell was trying to find a solution...) + 定语从句 (which...)
·语法要点：① As a shipbuilder 为介词短语作方式状语，表 “作为一名船舶技师”；②固定搭配 a solution to the problem “问题的解决办法”，of the wave resistance 为介词短语作后置定语修饰 the problem；③ which 引导限制性定语从句，修饰 the wave resistance，从句中 wastes 和 limits 为并列谓语，均用一般现在时表客观事实。
·释义：作为一个船舶技师，科克雷尔一直在寻找解决波浪阻力问题的方法，因为波浪阻力浪费掉了水面船只的大量动力，从而限制了船的速度。
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6. His answer was to lift the vessel out of the water by making it ride on a cushion of air, no more than one or two feet thick.
·句子类型：简单句（主系表结构 + 方式状语 + 后置定语）
·核心结构：主语 (His answer) + 系动词 (was) + 表语 (to lift...) + 方式状语 (by making...)
·语法要点：①不定式 to lift... 作表语，表主语的具体内容；② lift...out of... 为固定搭配 “将…… 从…… 中提起”；③ by making... 为介词短语作方式状语，make sb/sth do sth 为使役动词用法，后接动词原形 ride；④ no more than one or two feet thick 为形容词短语作后置定语，修饰 a cushion of air，表 “厚度只有一两英尺的”。
·释义：他的解决办法是把船体提离水面，让船在一个气垫上行驶，气垫只有一两英尺厚。
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7. This is done by a great number of ring-shaped air jets on the bottom of the craft.
·句子类型：简单句（被动语态）
·核心结构：主语 (This) + 谓语 (is done) + 方式状语 (by...)
·语法要点：① This 指代前文 “让船在气垫上行驶” 这一动作，避免重复；②句子为一般现在时的被动语态，表客观事实；③ by... 为介词短语作方式状语，表 “通过…… 方式”；④ on the bottom of the craft 为介词短语作后置定语，修饰 ring-shaped air jets。
·释义：船底装上大量环状喷气嘴，就能实现这一目的。
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8. It 'flies', therefore, but it cannot fly higher--its action depends on the surface, water or ground, over which it rides.
·句子类型：并列复合句（转折并列 + 介词 + 关系代词的定语从句）
·核心结构：并列句 (It 'flies'...but it cannot fly higher) + 定语从句 (over which...)
·语法要点：① but 为转折连词，连接两个并列分句，therefore 为插入语，表 “因此”；②破折号后内容作解释说明，主语为 its action，指代气垫船的飞行行为；③ over which 引导介词 + 关系代词的定语从句，修饰 the surface, water or ground，还原为 it rides over the surface，ride over 为固定搭配 “在…… 上方行驶”。
·释义：这样，气垫船就能“飞行” 了，但飞不高 —— 它的飞行取决于它所悬浮的水面或地面这类表面。
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9. The first tests on the Solent in 1959 caused a sensation.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓宾结构）
·核心结构：主语 (The first tests) + 谓语 (caused) + 宾语 (a sensation)
·语法要点：①两个介词短语 on the Solent 和 in 1959 均作后置定语，分别修饰 The first tests，表 “在苏伦特海峡的”“1959 年的”；② cause a sensation 为固定搭配 “引起轰动”。
·释义：1959 年，在苏伦特海峡进行的首次试航引起了轰动。
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10. The hovercraft travelled first over the water, then mounted the beach, climbed up the dunes, and sat down on a road.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓结构 + 并列谓语）
·核心结构：主语 (The hovercraft) + 并列谓语 (travelled, mounted, climbed up, sat down)
·语法要点：①句子有四个并列的谓语动词，按动作发生的先后顺序排列，用逗号连接，最后一个谓语前加 and；②各谓语后均接相应的介词短语作地点状语：over the water/on the beach/up the dunes/on a road。
·释义：气垫船先是在水面上行驶，后又登上海岸，爬上沙丘，最后停在了路上。
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11. Later it crossed the Channel, riding smoothly over the waves, which presented no problem.
·句子类型：复合句（现在分词作伴随状语 + 非限制性定语从句）
·核心结构：主句 (it crossed the Channel) + 伴随状语 (riding...) + 定语从句 (which...)
·语法要点：① it 指代 The hovercraft；② riding smoothly over the waves 为现在分词短语作伴随状语，表 “穿越英吉利海峡” 时的状态，逻辑主语为 it；③ which 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前文 “气垫船在波浪上方平稳行驶” 这件事，present no problem 为固定搭配 “没有造成任何问题”。
·释义：后来气垫船跨越了英吉利海峡，在波浪上方平稳行驶，波浪不再产生任何阻力。
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12. Since that time, various types of hovercraft have appeared and taken up regular service.
·句子类型：简单句（主谓结构 + 并列谓语）
·核心结构：主语 (various types of hovercraft) + 并列谓语 (have appeared, have taken up)
·语法要点：① Since that time 为时间状语，主句用现在完成时，表动作从过去持续到现在；②并列谓语 have appeared 和 have taken up 共用助动词 have，为避免重复，第二个 have 省略；③ take up regular service 为固定搭配 “开始提供定期服务”。
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·释义：从那以后，各种各样的气垫船相继出现，并开始了定期航行服务。
13. The hovercraft is particularly useful in large areas with poor communications such as Africa or Australia; it can become a 'flying fruit-bowl', carrying bananas from the plantations to the ports.
·句子类型：两个并列简单句（分号连接 + 现在分词作伴随状语）
·核心结构：句 1 (The hovercraft is particularly useful...) + 句 2 (it can become a 'flying fruit-bowl'...)
·语法要点：①分号替代 and，连接两个语义相关的简单句；② with poor communications 为介词短语作后置定语，修饰 large areas；such as 为举例短语，表 “例如”；③ it 指代 The hovercraft；④ carrying bananas... 为现在分词短语作伴随状语，表 “成为飞行水果盘” 的具体作用；from...to... 为固定搭配 “从…… 到……”。
·释义：气垫船在非洲、澳大利亚等交通不发达的大片地区特别有用；它能成为一个“飞行水果盘子”，把香蕉从种植园运到港口。
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14. Giant hovercraft liners could span the Atlantic; and the railway of the future may well be the 'hovertrain', riding on its air cushion over a single rail, which it never touches, at speeds, up to 300 m.p.h.--the possibilities appear unlimited.
·句子类型：并列复合句（分号连接 + 现在分词作定语 + 非限制性定语从句 + 插入语）
·核心结构：句 1 (Giant hovercraft liners could span the Atlantic) + 句 2 (the railway of the future may well be the 'hovertrain'...)
·语法要点：①分号后加 and，连接两个并列句；may well 为固定搭配 “很可能”，表推测；② riding on its air cushion... 为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 the 'hovertrain'，表 “靠气垫在单轨上方行驶的”；③ which it never touches 为非限制性定语从句，修饰 a single rail；④ at speeds up to 300 m.p.h. 为介词短语作状语，up to 为固定搭配 “高达”；⑤破折号后内容作总结，the possibilities 指代气垫船的发展可能性，appear 为系动词，unlimited 为形容词作表语。
·释义：大型气垫班轮或许能跨越大西洋；未来的火车很可能会成为“气垫火车”，靠气垫在单轨上方行驶且从不接触轨道，时速可达每小时 300 英里 —— 气垫船的发展前景似乎是无限的。
词汇
一、核心词汇
1.hovercraft /ˈhɒvəkrɑːft/n. 气垫船（单复数同形）
2.transport /ˈtrænspɔːt/n. 交通工具；运输（课文中 means of transport 表 “交通工具”）
3.engineer /ˌendʒɪˈnɪə(r)/n. 工程师；技师（electronics engineer 电子工程师）
4.cushion /ˈkʊʃn/n. 软垫；气垫（a cushion of air 气垫）
5.pressure /ˈpreʃə(r)/n. 压力（low-pressure air 低压空气；higher pressure air 高压空气）
6.vehicle /ˈviːəkl/n. 交通工具；运载工具（land vehicles 陆上交通工具）
7.aircraft /ˈeəkrɑːft/n. 飞机；航空器（单复数同形）
8.resistance /rɪˈzɪstəns/n. 阻力（wave resistance 波浪阻力）
9.power /ˈpaʊə(r)/n. 动力；能量
10.vessel /ˈvesl/n. 船；舰（文中指代船体）
11.jet /dʒet/n. 喷气嘴；喷射流（air jets 喷气嘴）
12.surface /ˈsɜːfɪs/n. 表面；水面（water or ground surface 水面或地面）
13.sensation /senˈseɪʃn/n. 轰动；轰动的事（cause a sensation 引起轰动）
14.beach /biːtʃ/n. 海滩；海岸
15.dune /djuːn/n. 沙丘
16.channel /ˈtʃænl/n. 海峡（the Channel 英吉利海峡）
17.smoothly /ˈsmuːðli/adv. 平稳地；顺利地（travel smoothly 平稳行驶）
18.various /ˈveəriəs/adj. 各种各样的；不同的（various types of 各种各样的）
19.regular /ˈreɡjələ(r)/adj. 定期的；常规的（regular service 定期服务）
20.communication /kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn/n. 交通；交流（poor communications 交通不发达）
21.plantation /plænˈteɪʃn/n. 种植园
22.port /pɔːt/n. 港口
23.giant /ˈdʒaɪənt/adj. 巨大的；大型的 n. 巨人
24.liner /ˈlaɪnə(r)/n. 班轮；邮轮（hovercraft liners 气垫班轮）
25.span /spæn/v. 跨越；横跨
26.railway /ˈreɪlweɪ/n. 铁路
27.rail /reɪl/n. 铁轨；轨道（a single rail 单轨）
28.speed /spiːd/n. 速度（at speeds up to 时速高达……）
29.possibility /ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti/n. 可能性（复数 possibilities）
30.unlimited /ʌnˈlɪmɪtɪd/adj. 无限的；不受限制的
二、高级固定搭配
1.means of transport 交通工具
用法：表各类交通方式，means 单复数同形，可替换为 means of transportation
例句：Many strange new means of transport have been developed in modern times.
2.turn to 改行从事；转向；求助于
用法：后接名词 / 动名词，表 “从原有职业转向另一职业” 时，贴合课文语境
例句：He was a teacher and then turned to boat-building.
3.work on 致力于；从事于
用法：后接名词 / 代词，表 “长期研究、做某件事”
例句：He has been working on this idea for many years.
4.range among 被归入…… 类别中；跻身于
用法：被动形式 be ranged among，后接并列的类别名词
例句：This craft should be ranged among ships, planes and land vehicles.
5.in between 在…… 之间
用法：可作介词短语 / 副词短语，表 “介于两者或多者之间”
例句：The hovercraft is something in between a boat and an aircraft.
6.find a solution to 找到…… 的解决办法
用法：to 为介词，后接名词 / 代词，表 “某个问题的解决方案”
例句：We need to find a solution to the problem of air pollution.
7.a good deal of 大量的；许多的
用法：后接不可数名词，相当于 a lot of/lots of（正式用语）
例句：The storm wasted a good deal of the farm's crops.
8.lift...out of... 把…… 从…… 中提起 / 抬出
用法：后接具体名词，表“将物体从某个空间移出来”
例句：He lifted the box out of the car.
9.ride on 行驶在…… 上；依靠
用法：表“交通工具在某表面行驶” 时，贴合课文语境
例句：The ship rides on the sea smoothly.
10.depend on 依靠；取决于
用法：后接名词 / 代词 / 宾语从句，表 “动作或结果由某物决定”
例句：The success of the plan depends on our hard work.
11.cause a sensation 引起轰动
用法：表“某件事产生巨大的社会影响，引起人们关注”
例句：His new invention caused a sensation in the scientific community.
12.take up regular service 开始提供定期服务
用法：take up 表 “开始从事 / 开展某项业务”，后接表服务、工作的名词
例句：The new bus line has taken up regular service.
13.at speeds up to 时速高达……
用法：表交通工具的最高速度，up to 后接具体速度数值 / 单位
例句：This car can run at speeds up to 200 km/h.
14.mount the beach 登上海岸
用法：mount 表 “登上（陆地、高地）”，比 climb 更正式，贴合书面语
15.climb up the dunes 爬上沙丘
用法：climb up 表 “向上攀爬”，后接表高地、斜坡的名词
三、拓展高频搭配
（一）交通工具 / 交通出行类
1.sea transport 海上运输
2.land transport 陆上运输
3.air transport 航空运输
4.surface ship 水面船只
5.passenger liner 客运班轮
6.high-speed rail 高速铁路
7.travel across the sea 跨海行驶
8.regular flight 定期航班
9.transportation system 交通系统
10.travel at high speed 高速行驶
（二）科技发明 / 机械原理类
1.air cushion technology 气垫技术
2.low pressure 低压
3.high pressure 高压
4.jet engine 喷气发动机
5.power system 动力系统
6.resistance reduction 减少阻力
7.technical test 技术试航 / 测试
8.industrial circle 工业界
9.scientific research 科学研究
10.technological innovation 技术创新
（三）地理 / 场景类（贴合课文试航 / 应用场景）
1.cross the Channel 跨越英吉利海峡
2.remote areas 偏远地区
3.coastal areas 沿海地区
4.poor communications areas 交通不发达地区
5.agricultural plantation 农业种植园
6.commercial port 商业港口
（四）通用描述类（适用于描述事物功能 / 优势）
1.have a wide range of uses 用途广泛
2.be particularly useful in 在上特别有用
3.the possibilities are unlimited 发展前景无限
4.solve the problem of 解决…… 的问题
5.improve travel efficiency 提升出行效率
6.carry goods 运输货物
7.provide regular service 提供定期服务
8.run smoothly 平稳运行
句型：
句式 1
课文原句：Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.
套用方法：Many + 形容词 + 复数名词 + have been done + 时间 / 地点状语，the + 形容词最高级 + of them being perhaps + 核心名词.（用于介绍某领域的新事物，突出其中最具代表性的一个）
套用示例：Many creative new forms of art have been born in this era, the most popular of them being perhaps digital painting.
示例翻译：在这个时代，许多富有创意的新艺术形式应运而生，其中最受欢迎的或许要数数字绘画了。
句式 2
课文原句：People have had difficulty in deciding whether the craft should be ranged among ships, planes, or land vehicles -- for it is something in between a boat and an aircraft.
套用方法：主语 + have had difficulty in doing sth + whether 宾语从句 -- for it is something in between A and B.（用于说明对事物的分类界定存在困难，并解释原因）
套用示例：We have had difficulty in deciding whether the smart watch should be ranged among electronics, accessories, or daily necessities -- for it is something in between a communication device and a decorative item.
示例翻译：我们很难界定智能手表究竟该归为电子产品、配饰还是日用品—— 因为它是介于通讯设备和装饰物件之间的一种东西。
句式 3
课文原句：As a shipbuilder, Cockerell was trying to find a solution to the problem of the wave resistance which wastes a good deal of a surface ship's power and limits its speed.
套用方法：As a + 职业 / 身份，主语 + be trying to find a solution to the problem of + 问题名词 + which 定语从句（描述问题的危害）.（用于介绍某职业者针对具体问题寻找解决办法）
套用示例：As a environmentalist, she is trying to find a solution to the problem of plastic pollution which does great harm to the ocean ecosystem and threatens marine life.
示例翻译：作为一名环保工作者，她正试图找到解决塑料污染问题的办法，因为塑料污染会严重破坏海洋生态系统，威胁海洋生物的生存。
句式 4
课文原句：The hovercraft is particularly useful in large areas with poor communications such as Africa or Australia; it can become a 'flying fruit-bowl', carrying bananas from the plantations to the ports.
套用方法：主语 + is particularly useful in + 场景 + such as + 例子；it can become + 比喻性名词，doing 现在分词（描述具体作用）.（用于说明某物的适用场景及具体功能，加入比喻更生动）
套用示例：The shared bike is particularly useful in crowded cities with heavy traffic such as Beijing or Shanghai; it can become a 'mobile shortcut', taking commuters from the subway station to their offices.
示例翻译：共享单车在北京、上海这类交通拥堵的繁华城市格外实用；它能成为一个“移动捷径”，把通勤者从地铁站送到办公地点。
句式 5
课文原句：Giant hovercraft liners could span the Atlantic; and the railway of the future may well be the 'hovertrain', riding on its air cushion over a single rail at speeds up to 300 m.p.h.
套用方法：大型事物 + could + 动作（表功能）; and the + 同类事物 + of the future may well be + 新名称，doing 现在分词（描述特征 / 运行方式） + at speeds up to + 数值.（用于展望某类事物的未来发展形态及功能）
套用示例：Giant solar-powered ships could cross the Pacific; and the car of the future may well be the 'flying car', gliding on its anti-gravity wing over the city streets at speeds up to 200 km/h.
示例翻译：大型太阳能船舶能够穿越太平洋；而未来的汽车很可能会成为“飞行汽车”，依靠反重力机翼在城市街道上空滑行，时速可达 200 公里。
10个月宝宝每天需要喝多少奶粉？
